Building a Catupult Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Building a Catupult - Research Paper Example Range : The range is the distance covered by the ball after launch. The maximum range for parabolic path which the ball covers can be obtained at an angle of 45Â °. The horizontal distance from the point of launch to the point where the ball falls gives the range. 2. Trajectory : It is the path covered the ball, from the catapult after the launch the trajectory of the ball is parabolic. 3. Velocity : The rate of change of displacement is termed as the velocity. For a parabolic path the velocity of ball will be taken as the horizontal and vertical component of velocity at different points. 4. Newton’s three laws are applied in the working of the catapult. The first law states an object continues to remain in its state of rest or motion until and unless an external force is applied. The ball starts motion only after the sling or in our catapult the throwing arm is pressed and released and it stops where the forces due to gravity, air resistance etc. stop the ball. Second law st ates that force is directly proportion to the acceleration of the body and acceleration is inversely proportional to the mass, increasing the mass of projectile or ball will decrease acceleration and force required will increase. Third law states that to every action there is an equal and opposite reaction, the ball accelerates towards earth, the earth also accelerates due to the ball but the acceleration of earth due to ball is so negligible that it does not have any effect. Future engineering: The length of the arm and the overall size can be adjusted proportionately according to the range required to cover. Apart from this depending on the mass of the projectile that has to be thrown the type of material can be selected that withstands the load. May be more of metal than wood next time I rebuild the catapult. This was scope for building advanced catapults according to our range requirements. For more projects in future I would begin with a study of the history of design of the pa rticular project I choose. I’ll then choose the most appropriate kind of design that suits my requirements. After the necessary mathematical calculations according to the conditions and requirements will start with a rough design .The model can be prepared and tested. Changes will be made accordingly as per the results required till we reach close the desired results. Working in team is always efficient than working individually. The best abilities of everyone in the team come together to give good results .Working with a partner enabled to overcome my areas of weakness and we were able to complement each other’s specialisation. Also operating the model that is the catapult in our current project is not possible to handle alone. Once the catapult is fixed to the launching position it is necessary for someone to check the barrier so that the arm doesn’t slip while the other person launches the ball. Then to keep the record of the range ( i.e. the point where the ball falls and the time it takes) someone has to be there to keep a check. Teamwork was also enjoying and less stressful as the partners always encouraged and monitored continuously each other’s mistakes. The project work has been really interesting as the theoretical concepts became clear as we learned to apply them. This also encourages to take up more projects in future and work together to innovate new ideas. Physics involved in the building of catapult : The velocity

Alcohol and Drug Abuse Essay Example for Free

Alcohol and Drug Abuse Essay Alcoholism and drug abuse in the workplace or school can no longer be ignored by employers and institutions as they contribute to poor performances. Excessive use of alcohol and drugs leads to addiction, which is never addressed by most companies leading to a decrease in an employee’s morale. Drug usage and alcoholism may also make an employee behave inappropriately, disrupting a firm’s operations due to too much tension and frustrations. It also affects the relationship between employees and their clients, not forgetting the negative effect it has on the family that ends up changing how a worker performs at his or her place of work. Burroughs explains that, alcoholism causes an employee to miss work due to hangovers, a factor that causes disruptions at the place of work, causing employees to lose a lot of money. Drug abuse and alcohol reduces employee’s ability to concentrate at work, hence the inability to make right decisions. It also causes employees to produce low-quality jobs, lack of motivation and impaired skills. Employees can be laid off from their jobs or face disciplinary actions from their place of work due to alcoholism as most employees can not tolerate poor performance (2003). According to Wells, (2005), employees can assist employees with alcohol and drug addiction in establishing supportive programs such as Employee Assistance Programs. This program will give employees and their family members, referrals to available community resources and activities. Employers can also encourage employees to seek treatment and rehabilitation at the firm’s expense. Recovery will help employees to change as they feel valued by their organization. They will work on changing their behaviors to avoid disappointing the employer. Employees can seek treatment on their own to avoid the risk of losing jobs. In addition, it is important for employees to avoid bad companies that affect their behaviors’ and encourage the use of drugs and alcohol. It is important for employees to associate with non-alcoholics, to help them reduce bad drinking habits. References Walls, J. (2005). ‘The Glass Castle’, 2nd Edition, Scribner: New Jersey. Burroughs, A. (2003). ‘Dry’. 1st edition, St. Martins Press: New York. Source document

Industrial Engineering Essay -- essays research papers fc

Technical Drawing Related Career Report   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Industrial Engineers serve as a bridge between management and operations. They combine their solid engineering background with good business sense and management ability. They figure out the best use of facilities, equipment and people for the most cost efficient and productive way to make or process a product. Industrial Engineers concentrate on improving manufacturing productivity and reducing costs associated with inventory. They are also concerned with worker safety and work environment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In order to be any engineer, you must love math, science and solving problems. Whether it's figuring out how to erect a structurally sound skyscraper, design a more efficient car engine. Engineers at the most basic level are problem solvers. Engineering is a career based on logical, systematic problem solving, generally in high-tech, industrial, or scientific fields. Industrial engineers determine the most effective ways for an organization to use the basic factors of production—people, machines, materials, information, and energy—to make a product or provide a service (Occupational Outlook Hand Book). Engineers apply scientific and technical knowledge to address their problems and tasks faced by businesses and governments.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An Industrial engineer is made up of these characteristics interested in technical and engineering work, good oral and written communi...

Females According to Christina Rossetti and Mary Wollstonecraft Essay

Females According to Christina Rossetti and Mary Wollstonecraft What is it that separates and elevates human beings from the rest of the animal world? It is the ability to logically explain an action, decision, or conviction; it is the capacity to reason. As Rousseau states, â€Å"Only reason teaches us good from evil† (Wollstonecraft 238). According to him, as well as countless other intellectuals of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, through the exercise of reason men become moral and political agents. Of course, this Enlightenment theory does not include women. Rousseau declares his opinion of the female, â€Å"O how lovely is her ignorance!† (253) The woman is the man's fantasy, the man's student, the man's plaything. Controlled, contained, and defined by the man, the woman is inferior to him and thus, not human. Eighteenth century writer and mother of female liberalism, Mary Wollstonecraft refutes this supposedly natural state of man being superior to woman in her treatise, "A Vindication of The Rights of Woman": It is farce to call any being virtuous whose virtues do not result from the exercise of reason... This was Rousseau's opinion respecting men: I extend it to women....till the manners of the time are changed...it may be impossible to convince [women]that the illegitimate power, which they obtain, by degrading themselves, is a curse, and that they must return to nature and equality ...(239) She proclaims the female to be equally capable of reason as the male. In order for the female to recognize and utilize this capability, society's males and females must alter their prejudicial definition of the feminine. Wollstonecraft addresses the fema... ...cquire virtues which they may call their own, for how can a rational being be ennobled by any thing that is not obtained by its own exertions?† (254) Indeed, it is only when the woman may call her skill, her experience, or her truth, all derived from reason, her own that she shall be independent. As Rossetti states, â€Å"Only my secret's mine...† (6). And, only when the societal norms change, shall the keeping of such a secret be by choice and not necessity. Works Cited Wollstonecraft, Mary. Vindication of the Rights of Women. The Longman Anthology of British Literature. Vol 2A. Ed. David Damrosch. 2nd ed. London: Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers, 2003. 227-255. Rossetti, Christina. â€Å"Winter: My Secret.† The Longman Anthology of British Literature. Vol. 2B. Ed. David Damrosch. 2nd ed. London: Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers, 2003. 1617.

Risk in Banking Sector

Paper presentation On Risk in banking sector. Abstract: The structure of the paper is three-fold, where we begin by what is risk in banking scenario and its effects on internal operations of a bank, followed by the various types of risk in Indian banks and what can be done or the measurements taken and finally the future look. Introduction: The Indian Financial System is tasting success of a decade of financial sector reforms. The economy is surging and has gathered the critical mass to convert it into a force to reckon with.The regulatory framework in India has sparked growth and key structural reforms have improved the asset quality and profitability of banks. Growing integration of economies and the markets around the world is making global banking a reality. The RBI requires all banks to comply with the standardized approach of the BASEL II accord by 31st March, 2007. This paper attempts to project the implications of this transition and its effects on the internal operations of a bank followed by its effects on the banking industry and the economy.What is Risk? For the purpose of these guidelines financial risk in a banking organization is possibility that the outcome of an action or event could bring up adverse impacts. Such outcomes could either result in a direct loss of earnings / capital or may result in imposition of constraints on bank’s ability to meet its business objectives Regardless of the sophistication of the measures, banks often distinguish between expected and unexpected losses.Expected losses are those that the bank knows with reasonable certainty will occur (e. g. , the expected default rate of corporate loan portfolio or credit card portfolio) and are typically reserved for in some manner. Unexpected losses are those associated with unforeseen events (e. g. Losses due to a sudden down turn in economy or falling interest rates). Types of risk in banks: In the course of their operations, banks are invariably faced with different ty pes of risks that may have a potentially negative effect on their business.The risks to which a bank is particularly exposed in its operations are: liquidity risk, credit risk, market risks (interest rate risk, foreign exchange risk and risk from change in market price of securities, financial derivatives and commodities), exposure risks, investment risks, risks relating to the country of origin of the entity to which a bank is exposed, operational risk, legal risk, reputational risk and strategic risk. Liquidity risk:  is the risk of negative effects on the financial result and capital of the bank caused by the bank’s inability to meet all its due obligations.Credit risk:  is the risk of negative effects on the financial result and capital of the bank caused by borrower’s default on its obligations to the bank. Market risk:  includes interest rate and foreign exchange risk. Interest rate: risk  is the risk of negative effects on the financial result and capita l of the bank caused by changes in interest rates. Foreign exchange: risk  is the risk of negative effects on the financial result and capital of the bank caused by changes in exchange rates.A special type of market risk is the  risk of change in the market price  of securities, financial derivatives or commodities traded or tradable in the market. Exposure risks:  include risks of bank’s exposure to a single entity or a group of related entities, and risks of banks’ exposure to a single entity related with the bank. Investment risks:  include risks of bank’s investments in entities that are not entities in the financial sector and in fixed assets.Operational risk:  is the risk of negative effects on the financial result and capital of the bank caused by omissions in the work of employees, inadequate internal procedures and processes, inadequate management of information and other systems, and unforeseeable external events. Legal risk:  is the risk of loss caused by penalties or sanctions originating from court disputes due to breach of contractual and legal obligations, and penalties and sanctions pronounced by a regulatory body.Reputational risk:  is the risk of loss caused by a negative impact on the market positioning of the bank. Strategic risk:  is the risk of loss caused by a lack of a long-term development component in the bank’s managing team. Risk management: Risk Management is a discipline at the core of every financial institution and encompasses all the activities that affect its risk profile. In every financial institution, risk management activities broadly take place simultaneously at following different hierarchy levels. a) Strategic level: It encompasses risk management functions performed by senior management and BOD. For instance definition of risks, formulating strategy and policies for managing risk etc; b) Macro Level: It encompasses risk management within a business area or across business l ines. Generally the risk management activities performed by middle management. c) Micro Level: It involves ‘On-the-line’ risk management where risks are actually created.This is the risk management activities performed by individuals who take risk on organization’s behalf such as front office and loan origination functions. Risk management in bank operations includes risk identification, measurement and assessment, and its objective is to minimize negative effects risks can have on the financial result and capital of a bank. Banks are therefore required to form a special organizational unit in charge of risk management. Also, they are required to prescribe procedures for risk identification, easurement and assessment, as well as procedures for risk management. The future: Risk management activities will be more pronounced in future banking because of liberalization, deregulation and global integration of financial markets. This would be adding depth and dimension to the banking risks. As the risks are correlated, exposure to one risk may lead to another risk, therefore management of risks in a proactive, efficient & integrated manner will be the strength of the successful banks Conclusion:By taking measures the smaller banks would not have sufficient resources to withstand the intense competition of the sector. Banks would evolve to be a complete and pure financial services provider, catering to all the financial needs of the economy. Flow of capital will increase and setting up of bases in foreign countries will become commonplace. Finally, the economy will stand to benefit as the banking sector develops. Savings will be mobilized in the right direction and the required funds needed for the country's development will be made available.

Media. Music. You. essays

Media. Music. You. essays In our society today, people are influenced by many different things. The media uses advertisements and commercials to sell us what we think we need in order to fit in. This type of media hype is everywhere; in our magazines, on our television screens, on billboards, and in our music. Yes, music does control society in some aspects. Little girls idolize pop stars, and young men look up to the clever lyricists in our popular culture. Yet, sometimes these role model artists are not sending the right messages to young adults. Girls may judge what a man should be based on her current pop star crush, and guys may judge girls in the same way. Not all boys can be Justin Timberlake, and not all girls can be Britney Spears. This should not be the message to young people in the first place; they should listen to artists who present diverse issues in their music, so the young minds of these teenagers can form their own opinions about the world. The media and the big corporations that own the r ecord companies place such a big hype on certain artists that some people may not take the time to dig deeper and find genuinely good music, or to see what underlying issues are taking place in the music industry. There is a website called Downhillbattle.org that provides information for music activists; the site shows the world how the big record labels are controlling the radio music play and how artists get paid close to nothing compared to how much the big corporations make. One of the ways Britney and Justin are made into pop idols is through a system in the music industry call pay-for-play. In an article by Eric Boehlert called Will Congress tackle pay-for-play? the issue of Congress finally stopping the big record companies from paying out the radio stations is discussed. ...It virtually shuts off access to commercial FM radio for artists or record companies who can't or won't spend hundreds of thousands...

Dead Language essays

Dead Language essays Dead Language After graduating from high school in Dnepropetrovsk , Ukraine with straight As, a little girl went to college in order to fulfill her dream of becoming a medical doctor. In Ukraine, doctors do not make a lot of money, drive fancy cars or live in huge houses. Unlike American doctors, Ukrainian doctors are underpaid and overworked. Despite the horrendous working conditions and lack of money, Ukrainian doctors receive enormous respect for what they do. My mother was that little girl who tried to acquire this noble profession in an attempt to help people. My mother did not care about long hours, or poor salaries. She would work without any compensation for month at a time. Yet these conditions did not stop her from performing her job to the best of her ability. She always thought that with the knowledge given to her, she had a to the people, who needed her help. Despite my mothers hard work and dedication, one thing always stood in the way of her dreams; she was Jewish. Being a Jew in Ukraine was a hardship in itself. The Jewish community in Ukraine were hated and prosecuted for no cause or reason. My parents were faced with the dilemma of having to live their lives in a country where their children would be prosecuted, on daily basis. The only logical solution for my family was to leave the country of birth and to move our lives to a place where the freedom of religion was engraved in the constitution. Leaving everything and everyone behind, we got on the airplane and flew to America. The image of friends and family in tears, waving goodbye remains engraved in my mind and heart forever. By allowing the endless prosecution of Jewish people, Ukraine has exiled a person with superior education and ability to cure. Although, everyone spoke the same language and played together as children. Now, As adults they could not look beyond my mothers relig...

Hobbes and Rousseau essays

Hobbes and Rousseau essays When comparing Hobbes and Rousseaus state of nature one must be aware of not only what the conditions are for each philosophers realm of savagery. Each has a different setting, different time frame, and different abundance of resources. Where Rousseau sees a world much like the Garden of Eden, Hobbes is much more brutal and cold. Rousseau had a specific time frame in mind; prehistory, where as Hobbes had no specific time frame. One of the few things they do have in common is that neither claim to be more than models, theoretical attempts to describe what life was like prior to civilization. The most important parts of these settings are the psychological compositions of the people living in each respective state. Hobbes argues that natural man has three inherent instincts which cause him to quarrel: competition, diffidence, and the want for glory. Rousseau believes we have two more tranquil instincts: pity and self love. The only thing his savage would need is nourishment and sex. Th e main difference that causes these drastically different models is not the removal of man from civilization, but the removal of civilization from man in Rousseaus. Hobbes model has men thrashing about madly trying to get the material comforts society had offered him while Rousseaus has men without any desires past satiating his biological requirements. The only thing that is the equal are the people to each other in each scenario. Equality, Hobbes writes, is what causes these horrid conditions because everyone wants the same things and wants all of it. However if self interest is also one of our main desires we would avoid that which would bring conflict and when struggles arise the absence of the concept of dignity would give no physical need to win a fight. Hobbes ignores the biologically instilled notion of retreat and that self interest does not always equal avarice. Rousseaus the ...

Creative individual Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Creative individual - Essay Example Throughout his career, Mozart is said to have composed over 600 pieces with many of them being symphonies, chambers and types of choral music. Mozart’s creativity brought him to light at a very young age, where at merely five years of age he was given the opportunity to perform before the European Royalty. Since a young age Mozart had a passion to grow up as a great musician and this is what led him to leave the position of a court musician in Salzburg. Most of his famous works are believed to be composed in Vienna, a little before his death (ABERT, H., SPENCER, S., & EISEN, 2007). Before shedding light on Mozart’s creativity in light of various definitions, creativity theories and academic literature it is highly essential that I put forward my view of the creative personality. Mozart’s creativity if brought to light from the fact that he was, and is most likely the only composer in history to have produced masterpieces in not one, but practically all genres of music. His work was widely spread across various genres and this alone sheds light on how creatively different he was able to think as a musician. It is said about him that Mozart did his first concerto at the young age of just four, while he went on with his first symphony at the age of seven. But Mozart did not stop there, and went to perform at this first Opera at the young age of just 12 years. Throughout the musical world, many have regarded Mozart as a child genius. Moreover, the various manuscripts written by Mozart have led people to believe that his works were often composed in j ust one go, as compared to completing the piece in various sittings (CAMPBELL, 2000). Before proceeding to discuss how, if Mozart was creative at all, it is essential we first understand the definition of creativity. The famous dictionary Merriam Webster defines creativity as the quality of being creative or the ability to create new and different things. Looking at Mozart in the light of this very

Tiers of Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tiers of Rights - Essay Example The Supreme Court has over the years extended the fundamental rights to include right to marriage, right to contraception and also right to privacy (Smith 36). The Supreme Court uses a three-tier approach in determining the level of protection of each constitutional right. For instance, the strict scrutiny enables courts to reject any legislation that is not geared at fulfilling overriding government objective. The second tier is the intermediate scrutiny whereby the legislation must demonstrate a substantial societal interest such as extramarital affairs. The third scrutiny is a rational relationship test whereby the legislation must relate to legitimate government objective and must protect the specific constitutional rights. The upper tier constitutional rights include the fundamental rights safeguarded by constitution such as the right to freedom of association, freedom of worship, right to counsel and right against double jeopardy. Right to protection against unfair trial and cr uel punishments are also fundamental rights that form the first tier of constitutional rights (Fireside 34). ... In addition, the double jeopardy protection prohibits subsequent prosecution after the conviction, acquittal and multiple punishments for the same indictment. Accordingly, the constitutional right protects the accused from witnessing against himself since this may lead to self-incrimination (Smith 65). The right to protection against self-incrimination extends to custodial interrogation. The Fifth Amendment is clear that evidence obtained illegally cannot be admissible in prosecutions even when such evidence is obtained by torture of the accused. In the case of Miranda v, Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966), Ernesto Miranda had been convicted for several charges including armed robbery, assault, attempted rape and burglary. In police custody, he had confessed to the crimes and the court found him guilty (Smith 50). However, after his appeal, the US Supreme Court ruled that his Fifth Amendment rights had been violated since the law enforcement authorities should have warned him of the right to remain silent or provide evidence in the presence of an attorney. In addition, the right to remain silent in criminal trials prohibits the government from punishing the defendant through allowing the prosecutor to assume the guilty of defendant. This was evidenced in the case of Griffin v. California, 380 U.S 609 (1965), when the Supreme Court held that it was unconstitutional for California state to grant such powers to the jury and prosecutors (Vile 20). Conclusion In conclusion, constitutional rights are classified in to three tiers depending on the level of protection by the constitution. The right to fair trials in criminal charges is an upper tier constitutional right that is safeguarded

Gun Control is Not the Ticket to Peace Assignment

Gun Control is Not the Ticket to Peace - Assignment Example In this respect, the effectiveness of the gun control laws will be the deterrent of the incidences of shootings, but not stopping such incidences from occurring altogether (Griffith, n.p.). The logic behind this observation is that; the increase in the incidences of shootings is not caused by the highest number of licensed guns that the government has issued to the civilians. In fact, if we would like to be candid with ourselves, we would then agree that virtually all the incidences of public shootings are as a result of guns that are acquired illegally (Smith, n.p.). Consequently, the establishment of gun control laws may help to instil fear on the legal gun holders not to shoot at others, but such efforts will have no effects on the criminals and social deviants who rule and operate the black markets. Further, it is also essential to pose and reflect for a moment on the major reasons why those people who shoot at the public do so. Is it because they have acquired a licensed gun and are trying to test its efficiency? Is it because they have been licensed to hold a gun and they want the rest of the public to realize that they are legal gun holders who can now shoot at anyone, anywhere and at any time? Or is it because such people are feeling that their security is highly threatened by the innocent schoolchildren and so they enter the school premises, draw their guns and shoot at them? The reality attests to none of the above. Thus, the core of the problem does not lie in the possession of a gun; legal or illegal, but in the state of the mind of the gun holder (Pacharis, n.p.). In this respect, if we are to address the problem of people shooting at innocent children and other unarmed members of the public, then we have to think in direction of treating the core of the problem of the attackers, which is their mental health. The tragedy of mass murder is not committed by individuals who are sane, but mostly by just a small section of the society that has a mental health problem.  Ã‚  

Declarations of Freedom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Declarations of Freedom - Essay Example   In the declaration of freedom, Elizabeth Cady Stanton writes about the declaration of Sentiments, in which she airs the sentiments of women in the fight for recognition and freedom. This was presented at the Women’s Rights Convention held in Seneca Falls, in New York. In this conference attended by about three hundred people, only one hundred signed for the declaration. To elaborate further misunderstanding or less of it for the women’s plight, those who signed for it did so after it was revised and corrected. There are reasons that encouraged women to sit and jot down these sentiments. Among these are the misrepresentations in the legislative front, the fact that is fostered by their being denied elective rights. Men, also infringed on women’s rights to ownership of property as well as their right to pursue quality higher education, which left women under their control and mercy. Women, because of this oppression, felt worthless with little or no confidence in themselves. Men who struggle to dominate them in every aspect of life have trashed their self-respect. This renders women completely willing to live dependent on men and abjectly at that. It is because of these reasons that the declaration of sentiments was unveiled in the Women’s Right Convention. From the above points on discrimination of women, it is clear that the rights of women are not prioritized as compared to those of men. The latter group enjoys all the elective and representational rights that exist in the society. In addition, they also define what is considered okay for women to do, as well as what is not right. In the Cuban culture, women were similarly discriminated against just like in America before the united colonies gained their independence. This was before the revolution, 1959. Women were required to perform their roles as wives and homemakers, as opposed to being educated and independent individuals. For those who had the privilege of going to school , their academic potential was limited (Cuba Solidarity). They were required to give up their academic dreams for the sake of caring for their families.     

To what extent is creativity an essential aspect of morally fine Essay

To what extent is creativity an essential aspect of morally fine behaviour - Essay Example her, creativity is required in many other aspects of business, from policy creation to creating interpersonal social harmony within the business environment. With these notions in mind, creativity is an essential element of successful and ethical business practices. Creativity is evident in most contemporary businesses, from the marketing-focused organisation to the more abstract business type such as entrepreneurial art production. Hence, with the need for creativity in the workplace, issues of ethics are closely linked, as concepts of integrity in advertising and in providing fair and honest internal processes mandate morally fine behaviour on behalf of the leader or subordinate worker. In capitalistic economies, business practices are a common theme as the outcomes of performing profitable activities serves to sustain the regional economy. According to one professional author who explores the philosophical elements of business ethics, â€Å"the true moral strength of capitalism lies in its promotion of human creativity† (Novak, 977). The author is attempting to illustrate that the human contribution to business involves maintaining an adaptable and flexible mentality, which involves performing in competitive environments through the use of creative ingenuity. Such ingenuity takes shape in practices from human resources (people management) and in creating new and innovative marketing materials which are designed to appeal to the potential customer and the general public. Hence, if a business desires to act in a morally-sound fashion, all creative elements produced by the business participant involves ensuring that no unethical behaviours occur. For instance, consider an organisation which produces ongoing promotional and advertising literature. This organization must consider issues of copyright infringement, from a legal compliance perspective, and ensuring that no misleading or false advertising statements or phrases are produced (Boone & Kurtz, 552-553). To

Declarations of Freedom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Declarations of Freedom - Essay Example   In the declaration of freedom, Elizabeth Cady Stanton writes about the declaration of Sentiments, in which she airs the sentiments of women in the fight for recognition and freedom. This was presented at the Women’s Rights Convention held in Seneca Falls, in New York. In this conference attended by about three hundred people, only one hundred signed for the declaration. To elaborate further misunderstanding or less of it for the women’s plight, those who signed for it did so after it was revised and corrected. There are reasons that encouraged women to sit and jot down these sentiments. Among these are the misrepresentations in the legislative front, the fact that is fostered by their being denied elective rights. Men, also infringed on women’s rights to ownership of property as well as their right to pursue quality higher education, which left women under their control and mercy. Women, because of this oppression, felt worthless with little or no confidence in themselves. Men who struggle to dominate them in every aspect of life have trashed their self-respect. This renders women completely willing to live dependent on men and abjectly at that. It is because of these reasons that the declaration of sentiments was unveiled in the Women’s Right Convention. From the above points on discrimination of women, it is clear that the rights of women are not prioritized as compared to those of men. The latter group enjoys all the elective and representational rights that exist in the society. In addition, they also define what is considered okay for women to do, as well as what is not right. In the Cuban culture, women were similarly discriminated against just like in America before the united colonies gained their independence. This was before the revolution, 1959. Women were required to perform their roles as wives and homemakers, as opposed to being educated and independent individuals. For those who had the privilege of going to school , their academic potential was limited (Cuba Solidarity). They were required to give up their academic dreams for the sake of caring for their families.     

Market Segment Analysis (Individual) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Market Segment Analysis (Individual) - Essay Example Porsche is a German automobile brand founded by Ferdinand Porsche in 1931. The organization’s headquarter is in Stuttgart, Germany. However, it is equally popular in all parts of the world for its futuristic car designs and superior performance on-track (Porsche Automobile Holding, 2014). Porsche is popular all around the world and has established a statue of luxury sporting car. The major reason behind massive demand for Porsche is its car designs, luxury, comfort and prestige attached with those who are driving a Porsche. Customers of Porsche do not belong only to the elite class, but it is equally popular among sports car lovers of all age. Porsche major segmentation strategy is explained as following: This segment of Porsche Automobile generates around 27% of the company’s revenue. The consumers of Porsche belonging to this segment prefer a car with superior performance on the track, which motivates them to work even harder to achieve the best and allows complete control on the transmission and drive. Top Guns are also self-obsessed, and they want to show-off so that people can notice them which support the assertion that these customers are status conscious. Top Guns are proud of their success and tell their success stories to everyone so that they can be appreciated (Huffman, Rayess, Habib, & Mitchell, 2012). These are the customers who are passionate about owning the world’s best sports car and are intrinsically motivated towards experiencing new adventures in their lives. For this reason, they select a car which thrills them with its speed and power. Bon Vivant segment is currently generating 17% of Porsche’s total revenues and is considered as being a lucrative segment in the near future. These customers mostly live in urban areas and have the tendency to influence attitudes and behaviors of people in their surrounding (Richardson, 2004). Elitists segment of Porsche Automobile

Government Regulatory Agencies Essay Example for Free

Government Regulatory Agencies Essay Government Regulatory Agencies and Impact on Consumer Choices By Trisha Robinson, Chastity Hafer, George Ward, Quagina Jackson Serphy HCS 490 Health care Consumer- Trends and Marketing For: Cindy Perkins, DC, MBA 05/01/2011 The Food Drug Administration (FDA) The Food Drug Administration is in charge of promoting and the protection of public health safety by the supervision and regulation of food safety, dietary supplements, tobacco products, prescription and over the counter drugs you get from the pharmacy. The FDA also regulates vaccines, blood transfusions, biopharmaceuticals, medical devices, veterinary products, and cosmetics (fda. gov). The FDA is in charge of advancing the public health by the speed of new ideas or methods that make medicines and food affordable and by the producing of strong or desired effect, more safer, and by given the public a more accountable scientific information that the public can use when using medication and foods and to lessen the use of tobacco to improve the quality of life. The FDA makes sure that laws are enforced by monitoring companies of claims that the company makes about their products. If the FDA thinks the company has violated the law a warning letter will be sent to the company. The letter states that the company is in violation and the company has 15 working days to respond and say how this will be fixed. Companies that do not respond will be fined or their product will be seized. The health care product or service category selected Service of choice:Â  Regulatory Information Regulatory Information is a service, which The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) offers an array of information on rules and regulations, which allows consumers, industries, and health care professionals to know the safety, availability, and effectiveness of drugs, biological, medical, and electronic products, and cosmetics. In addition, the service provides information on non-regulated categories such as advertising, consumer products (household goods), alcohol, drug abuse, meat and poultry, health insurance, drugs of abuse, pesticides, restaurants and grocery stores, and water. It offers information on areas such as safety, labeling, product licensing, product approval, manufacturing and performance standards on medical devices and radioactive products, and animal drugs, livestock feeds, and food. Rationale for choosing FDA A. Familiar with the regulations of the FDA. 1. Protecting the public’s health B. Interested in the operations of the FDA and how they develop their regulations. C. The services FDA protects. 1. Responsible for advancing the public health by helping to speed innovations that make medicines more effective.

Attachment Theory And Implications For Therapeutic Counselling Social Work Essay

Attachment Theory And Implications For Therapeutic Counselling Social Work Essay Outline your understanding of attachment theory and describe the implications of this for therapeutic counselling? Illustrate your answer with reference to clinical work. Consider the implications of this theory in a modern society, which has many alternative family structures. Introduction: What is early attachment theory? John Bowlby originally proposed attachment theory and defined attachment as any form of behavior that results in a person attaining or retaining proximity to some other differentiated and preferred individual, usually conceived as stronger and/or wiser (Bowlby, 1973, p. 292). Attachment or bonding is the developing relationship to parents, a carer or carers and is necessary for ordinary development. Childrens attachments can have an impact on the rest of their lives. Attachment behaviours begin early in life. This trusting relationship which is developed in infancy forms the foundation for a childs development. If children have a secure attachment, they will grow up to view the world as a safe place and they will be able to develop other emotions. However, children who experience early separation and loss will express this through their behaviour. A secure attachment will lead to better general coping skills, and the cost of insecure attachment may lead to isolation (Bowlby, 1969). In this essay I will present material about attachment theory. I will explore the different views and my aim is to relate it to clinical work. My illustrations will be drawn from theory and personal experience. Theory: According to Vera Fahlberg (1988) the most common causes of attachment problems, the highest risk being in the first two years of life, are sudden or traumatic separation from primary caretaker through death, illness, hospitalisaton of caretaker, or removal of child from the care of the established attachment figure/figures. Furthermore, she claims there are other causes for attachment problems which include physical, emotional or sexual abuse, neglect of physical or emotional needs, illness or pain that cannot be alleviated by caretaker, and frequent moves and/or placements i.e. foster care, adoptions and changes of caretaker within the family setting. John Bowlby (1988) believes if no bond or attachment is formed during early life the child is more likely to be unstable and anxious as an adult. The work of John Bowlby seems to have been the most influential in attachment theory and I feel Bowlby highlights the important implications for the counselling relationship. Before Bowlby the behaviour of infants to seek attachment with adults was thought to be about an instinct to search for food (Bee, 1999). Bee (1999, p. 42) cites Freud (1856-1939) as saying love has its origin in attachment to the satisfied need for nourishment. Freud suggested that the baby forms a bond with its mother by satisfying its hunger. He calls this stage of development the oral stage which begins soon after birth. Freud believes if the child satisfies this related need then it should promote a feeling of pleasure therefore, returning to a comfortable state (Bee, 1999). However, according to Fahlberg there is some evidence that the social needs are more important to the attachment process than meeting the physical needs. Fahlberg refers to Ainsworths (1913-1999) 1952 findings, social interactions, not routine care, are the most important part of mothering (Fahlberg, 1988, p.27). Erikson (1902-1994) however, shared most of Freuds basic assumptions, but differed between inner instincts, and outer cultural and social demands. Unlike Freud who placed central emphasis on inner instincts. However, Erikson named his developmental stages as psychosocial stages as he believes a person goes through different stages through their lives. To be able to reach self acceptance they must first fully develop each stage. If this does not happen then problems will arise (Bee, 1999). According to Bee (1999) Erikson describes the first stage as basic trust versus mistrust. Bee went on to say Erikson believed that the behaviour of the major caregiver (usually the mother) is critical to the childs establishment of basic sense of trust. (p.45). Therefore, if the caregiver responds to the child consistently, in a way the child has become accustomed, and responds in a loving and predictable way, then trust will develop. However, he believes if that doesnt happen, and the child has had inconsistent care then mistrust may develop, which may lead to anxiety. Erikson believed that development went on through the entire life span, as the child, and then the adult developing a sense of ever-changing identity (Bee, 1999). However, John Bowlby disregarded these theories of attachment, believing instead that the process was much more complicated. He put forward the idea that babies look for physical closeness, comfort, food and familiar interaction (Bowlby, 1988). The young childs hunger for his mothers love and presence is as great as his hunger for food (Bowlby, 1969, preface xiii) John Bowlby brought this concept to the fore and as Robert Karen states in his book, Becoming Attached, Bowlbys theory was bold, full of common sense, speculative but grounded in science, and threatening to the older views (1998, p.101). However, all three theorists seem to agree that healthy secure attachments are very important for human development. Attachment helps the child: attain full intellectual potential; sort out what he or she perceives; think logically develop a conscience; become self-reliant; cope with stress and frustration; handle fear and worry; develop future relationships; reduce jealousy. (Fahlberg, 1988, p.13) According to Ainsworth (1913-1999), attachment is an affectional bond that has been established by having a continuous loving and caring relationship with another human being. an affectional bond is a long enduring emotional tie to a specific individual (Leather, 2004, pp.21-25). Studies of children raised in institutions have shown that adequate physical care is not enough. A primary person to whom the child can become attached, who responds to the childs needs and who initiates positive activities with the child is indispensable. Attachments are formed by the constant repetition of two very positive cycles of interaction: The arousal relaxation cycle and The positive interaction cycle Fahlberg, V. (1988) Fitting the Pieces Together. (Practice Series: 17) British Agencies for Adoption Fostering: The following diagram illustrates a successful interaction between the caregiver and child. The child cries because of its need for food, caregiver feeds the child, the child becomes calm, therefore the childs needs have been met which will then establish a secure and trusting attachment. This cycle must be completed to ensure a healthy development. Fahlberg, V. (1988) Fitting the Pieces Together (p. 25) The next diagram illustrates the positive interactions between caregiver and child. The caregiver interacts and plays with the child, meeting social needs, the child responds, therefore building a childs confidence. Fahlberg, V. (1988) Fitting the Pieces Together (p. 27) If the babys needs are not met consistently then the baby doesnt develop trust, becomes full of rage and perceives the world as a dangerous place. This is then carried through into adulthood, causing feelings of insecurity through to sociopathic behaviour depending on the degree of mistreatment or abandonment for the individual (Fahlberg, 1998). The three patterns of attachment are: Secure Attachment exploration from secure base active seeking of contact upon reunion. Anxious/Avoidant Attachment independent exploration active avoidance upon reunion. Anxious/Resistant Attachment Poverty of Exploration Difficulty separating on reunion. Source: Mary Ainsworth (1979).Research. Jeremy Holmes stated in his book John Bowlby Attachment Theory, Mary Ainsworth (1982) first used the phrase secure base to describe the ambience created by the attachment figure for the attached person. The essence of the secure base is that it provides a springboard for curiosity and exploration. (Holmes, 1993, p. 70) John Bowlby believed that a secure base was the most important aspect of parenting a central feature of my concept of parenting, the provision by both parents of a secure base from which a child or an adolescent can make sorties into the outside world (Bowlby, 1988, p.11). Cultural Implications: Studies in other countries support Ainsworths belief that some form of secure base is needed for all infants, however, there are indications that behaviour may have to be interpreted differently in other cultures. According to Helen Bee (1999, p.192) German researchers, for example, have suggested that an insecure/avoidant classification in their culture may reflect not indifference by mothers, but explicit training towards greater independence in the baby (Grossmann, Grossmann, Spangler, Suess, Unzner, 1985). Furthermore, in Japan a greater valuing of emotional interdependence is associated with limited separation experiences, therefore heightening the distress experienced by many Japanese infants (Harwood, Miller Irizarry 1995. p.14) Therefore, it would appear that the infant behaves in a manner that responds to the maternal behavior that is both intuitive and reflective of the behaviour in its community. It is stated in Helen Bees book The Growing Child some form of secure base behaviour occurs in every child, in every culture. (1999, p.192). Bee says, we have a long way to go to understand how cultural differences affect the development of children but they form a significant backdrop for all development and to understand nurture, we must first understand the part culture plays (1999). Children are born into a diverse range of family structures and these structures may change during the course of childhood. Attachment theory highlights the role of the primary caregiver and in the process puts the spotlight on the person who is most likely to undertake this role in our society the mother. This can lead to argue against mothers working. Wyse (2004) states, Once the child has developed an attachment they will protest at separation from that preferred person and will show fear of strangers (p. 23). However, Vera Fahlberg says the attachment figure does not have to be the childs mother. The initial bonding can be the father or even an adoptive or foster mother, as long as the care is consistent during the early years of development. Of course there are many alternative family structures and views have changed over the years. Many people feel marriage is outdated and prefer to just live together. There also is the difficulty that surrounds divorce and the impact this has on young children. According to Robert Banton Jack Straw, the home secretary, stated in a document called Supporting Families (1998) changes in family organization we have mentioned are really linked to the social problems (2004, p.33). With rising divorce rates, social acceptance of sexual relations outside marriage and single sex partnerships will all have an impact on the way in which children are raised and by whom. I believe parenting practices have a greater effect on children than marital status. I divorced my husband when my children were still at school. I maintained a healthy relationship with my ex-husband because I felt it was important for the children to still see us as a family unit. I was determined that my children had constant access to their father and that he played a part in their upbringing. This has certainly had an impact on my children and they often said it was a better arrangement than two unhappy people living together. Blakeslee Wallerstein stated in their book Second chances: Men, women and children a decade after divorce when referring to children from divorced families, They fear betrayal. They fear abandonment. They fear loss. They draw an inescapable conclusion: Relationships have a high likelihood of being untrustworthy; betrayal and infidelity are probable (1989, p. 55). Although my children experienced the trauma of divorce, I feel I kept that disruption to a minimum. Clinical references and Personal insight: Following the birth of my first child, I chose to go back to work when she was six weeks old. Childcare was shared out between my husband, my cousin and my aunty and this situation continued for some time. I then made the decision to send my daughter to nursery when she was three, but she would not settle and screamed hysterically when I left her. When I picked her up she would cling to my legs and cry if I talked to anyone on the journey home. This seems to follow the pattern of insecure attachment. In Dominic Wyses book, Childhood Studies an Introduction, Leather cites stages of separation behaviour as observed by Robertson and Robertson may be unwilling to trust parent if/when they return, or may become very clingy and refuse to let parent leave them in any situation (2004, p.23). However, my daughter is now in her late twenties, she suffers from periodic bouts of depression and anxiety attacks. She doesnt seem to be able to settle into long term relationships, but in spite of that, in her working environment she is a confident adult holding a managerial position. I feel however, my daughter has inherited traits from her father as he suffers with bouts of depression; furthermore, two of his siblings have had a mental breakdown. Leather says, children take traits from both the mother and father such as physical features, but they can also inherit illnesses (2004) There is now a large body of evidence saying that children are capable of forming attachments to two or three caregivers and if the care arrangements are of good quality, and the quality of parenting has been established, then the child stands to benefit. Furthermore, Fahlberg says, it is not unusual to share the job of mothering and that the child, providing the quality of care is good and that it is consistent, can do just as well as those attached to one caregiver (1994). My daughters carers were consistently part of her growing up therefore; I feel the hereditary factor does play its part in her development. However, after my son was born I chose to give up my job and stay at home. My son didnt experience separation from me as an infant until the age of four when he settled into nursery with no problems. As an adult he seems to cope much better with stress and frustration and he is extremely confident and self reliant. This seems to bear out the positive effects of attachment therefore, highlighting that the relationship formed in early development seems to create a prototype for future relationships. It is interesting to reflect on my own parenting. My mother died when I was twelve and I became the little mother to my father and brother until my father died fifteen months later. This has left me with my own insecurities to deal with. According to Bowlby women who have lost their parents at an early age not only are they likely to have marital problems, after the birth of a child, they can also have difficulty interacting with their child (Bowlby, 1988). Unfortunately, as I said earlier my marriage did breakdown, but I dont believe I had difficulty interacting with my child. On the contrary, I feel I was over protective, because of loosing my parents, and I was anxious for my daughter. This may have contributed to my daughters dependency on me. Furthermore, I take into account that she was the first-born and therefore she had been the sole recipient of my attention. It would have been a different experience for her brother. Through personal development I am aware I have carried through, into adulthood, a lot of unresolved issues. There have been moments where I have felt a great dependence on my therapist and I worked very hard being the perfect client for my therapist to accept me. However, through exploration of my own attachment history I was able to recognise why I felt this dependency and need for acceptance. As my relationship with my therapist grows I feel I am able to be more honest about my feelings. I believe it is through establishing this warm trusting relationship I am able to work towards self acceptance, and as my confidence grows I feel more comfortable with who I am, therefore I no longer feel a need to please others to earn acceptance. This has highlighted how a client, with similar insecurities, may feel in the therapeutic relationship. Like me, the client will bring his own history into the counselling relationship and I feel the therapist needs to be able to acknowledge, with a deep understanding the insecurities the client may be feeling. I feel it is important to explore the clients relational history to establish whether there may be an issue of dependency. It was not easy to explore negative feelings that have been buried for so many years, but my therapist was able to provide a safe space for this to happen. Therefore, although I had my secure base ripped from under me at an early age, I feel my therapy is now my secure base where I can unravel my history and make some sense of it. This intimate relationship I have established with my therapist has allowed me to challenge, explore and take risks with the confidence of feeling accepted. intimate attachments to other human beings are the hub around which a persons life revolves, not only when he is an infant or a toddler or a school child but throughout his adolescence and his years of maturity as well, and into old age (Bowlby, 1980, p. 422). Conclusion: There seems to be an agreement between all the theorists that a secure attachment between a mother and infant is the ideal first relationship, and that relationship is of primary importance. Feeling secure and having your needs met by a consistent caregiver, within all cultures during the early years, is imperative to a healthy development. I feel attachment is the same across all societies, and that fundamentally all children need a secure base. Relationships are of fundamental importance in: the development of personality and sense of self; the difficulty clients bring to therapy (relations with the self and relations with other people); the therapeutic process (the therapy relationship is the heart of the process) Paul, S. and Pelham, G. (2000, pp. 110 -126). Relationships are important for our wellbeing. Whilst attachment types have helped me to understand my history, they have also helped me to understand the important elements for development. Attachment is about a close relationship, and its impact last from cradle to grave. It is now accepted that this relationship can be with more than one person as long as the care is affectionate, consistent, and provides a secure base. It is also agreed that separation from the caregiver during infancy will predict how an individual forms relationships as an adult. As a counsellor it is important to be aware of the different attachment behaviours to be able to provide that secure base from which the client can explore his/her own relationship history. Therefore, the counsellor needs to be able to provide support with deep understanding, Bowlby says,.it is the emotional communications between a patient and his therapist that play the crucial part (Bowlby, 1988, p.156)

War in Iraq :: war, Iraq, USA,

1. There was very little evidence and the United States acted prematurely. The evidence itself is confusing and somewhat misleading. As we look on the invasion many Americans were very enthusiastic about going to war with Iraq. However, we’re not trying to think about why we were not there or trying to justify other than speculate the following reasons. Did Iraq have weapons of mass destruction or was the United States to find about their military power? Possibly, the United States was trying to eliminate Saddam and his regime to promote democracy and peace. I think because of the 9/11 tragedy and maybe control of the oil resources gave the United States a reason to act like they did. 2. The approval rate of other countries is justified because no one likes a bully! And frankly the United States has been fitting this description all too well by showing countries that if you mess the United States your messing with the bull. President Bush proved this by making a 48 hour notice and invading Iraq exactly on the 48 hour mark. This shows other countries that the United States means business. If I could I would love to live in another country such as Australia. I believe that my view of American politics would drastically change! Maybe for the better because I would not be under the hammer so to speak. Indirectly, if American politics did not include the country I was living in. I would not take the time to care. 3. I have two opinions of this one Britain being an ally it should be there good pleasure to help in any way to fight the war in Iraq. Because the United States I feel would have done the same for Britain. That is just good relations between allied countries. If Britain did not help the United States they probably would not consider Britain to be a good ally to keep relations going like they have. My second opinion is that Britain should have not got involved with the United States against Iraq. For the simple fact, a big majority of Muslims lives there. Thereby making a terrorist attack more eminent. Britain should have negotiated a term to help the United States only in a real emergency.

Analysis of The Astronomers Wife by Kay Boyle :: Astronomers Wife Kay Boyle Essays Papers

Analysis of The Astronomer's Wife by Kay Boyle In the "Astronomer's Wife" by Kay Boyle, something as simple as a conversation with a plumber about a stopped elbow is enough to trigger an awakening in Mrs. Katherine Ames. When Mrs. Ames realized that the plumber was talking about something she understood (the stopped elbow), she realized that her marital problems were not the result of a division betwwen the sexes; instead, she realized that some men, like the plumber, are as practical as she is, and that some other men, like her husband, scorn people like her because they are intellectually inclined. Previous to this discovery, Katherine did not realize that there were different kinds of men, and therefore she did not realize that she and her husband were mismatched. Furthermore, in her awakening, Mrs. Ames also discovers that she, like the plumber, occupies as valuable a place in society as the astronomer, for she does the "dirty" work to free people like her husband to have time to think and to discover. The scene in question takes place after Mrs. Ames has already noticed that the plumber has a few physical characteristics that match her own (such as blond hair), and she is talking to him as he descends into the earth. The scene begins immediately after the plumber says "I think something has stopped the elbow", because this phrase was one of the few things that a man has ever said that Mrs. Ames has understood. After the plumber has descended into the ground before the scene, Mrs. Ames is the only one left. She spends the entire duration of this scene sitting on the grass, silently thinking and revealing her thoughts to the audience. During her course of thinking, Mrs. Ames makes the important discovery that there is a whole race of practical people like herself, men and women alike. She knew that "when her husband spoke of height, having no sense of it, she could not picture it nor hear", but strangely enough, when another man who happened to be a plumer spoke of his work, "madness in a daily shape, as elbow stopped, she saw clearly and well". Mrs Ames finally realized during these thoughts that these were two men with two different ways of life, and perhaps her way of life suited the plumber's more than the astronomer's, in that she too could identify only with daily concerns. The division between people in her mind was no longer just between men and women; it was now the working and the thinking, those who "had always gone up, [and] others who went down, like the

Compare Reunion Two Kinds Essay

It often surprises me how different individuals from different cultures and backgrounds all come together in one country and share many experiences. Individuals like Amy Tan who was born among Chinese immigrants, John Cheever from Massachusetts and Louise Erdrich who comes from a Chippewa Indian and German background and was born in Minnesota. A vast variety of origins and they all come to have several good or bad things in common in their work. Hardships of immigration is stated or implied in these pieces as well as parent-child relationship. Nearly all of them carry a sense of determination of different levels and stories of this kind not unlike the ones examined in this piece have a blend, colorless and depressing tone. â€Å"â€Å"Pleading child† was shorter but slower, â€Å"Perfectly Contented† was longer but faster and after I played them both I realized they were two halves of the same song† (Tan, 105) Now I usually avoid long quotations but this one by Tan should be engraved on gold and kept in the museum of great metaphors. Growing into your long and fast adulthood through your short and slow childhood is indirectly implied throughout Cheever’s Reunion as well. Here is a confession: When I read that last paragraph of Tans two kinds I got goose bumps. The Last sentence is the strongest and most beautiful ending I have ever read. That moment of clarity was more audible than the construction workers who made it nearly impossible for me to focus on the story as I read it. The Red Convertible on the other hand is of a different style, and looks at the relationship between Henry and Lyman. Two brothers who are in excellent terms and Erdrich emphasizes on that point by mentioning the trust they have for one another. They buy a flashy car together and that is the proof to the argument. A wise man once told me that â€Å"War will burn your soul and from your ashes it shall raise a new person†. I sensed a close relation to that quote reading Erdrich’s story. As Henry is dramatically changed after witnessing what went down in Vietnam first hand. The most interesting story award by far goes to â€Å"Reunion† by Cheever. One of the most interesting points in that piece was the fact that the son never showed any disapproval toward his father’s behavior no matter how out of line he went. Which implies the conflict the son had inside although never mentioned in the story. The conflict between his pre-approved father as he thinks to himself â€Å"I wish someone saw us together† (cheever, 106) and his own sense of right and wrong. How could someone seem so proper and successful and act like a drunken fool simultaneously . A potion of confusion and amazement that will take him years or decades to digest. Not unlike the confusion that accompanied Jeng mei trough her childhood and teen age. While the undeniable respect for a parent is carved into her brain, she sees her mom as a rival. Preventing all of her be-myself teenage dreams to come true. The tone of a story is like the background music to a scene from a romantic movie. It could either make it or ruin it for the audience. â€Å"Two Kinds† will bring your eyebrows closer to each other while â€Å"Reunion† will raise them up to the top of your forehead. â€Å"Two kinds† takes place in china town –not the best part of New York City – . An immigrant mother with broken English who yells at Jeng Mei for every mistake she makes on top of that, is definitely not helping her cause. The story does not calm down until the very end and when it does it is superb. While on the nearly parallel line reunion never changed its tone. It goes from blend to blend. It is amusing all along but it definitely misses a good climax maybe not as exotic as Tan’s but â€Å"And that’s the last time I saw my father† and the format has ended way too many stories. I see â€Å"Reunion† by Cheever and Tan’s â€Å"Two Kinds† as a closer match up and â€Å"The red convertible† is just as distant to the rest as its title is. The story still shares the common conflicts but the other two get into much more details and as a reader who has come from a third world country and has seen poverty and prosperity living next door to each other I can very much relate to them.

Climate change and Solutions

Climate change is a concept that has generated much controversy in recent times, the many competing theories as to why climate change is occurring is no longer meaningful and we are now at a stage where unless serious measures are introduced to combat the causes of climate change human kind as a civilisation could be wiped out forever. As a UCT student and a South African citizen I firmly believe that climate change has mainly been induced by the developed world, however, despite this fact, the responsibilities of combating global change do not primarily lie in the hands of the developed world. Successfully overcoming such a huge problem such as climate change requires the cooperation and willingness of the entire world. There comes a time where we have to accept responsibility for our actions. That time is now. It is not too late to correct the mistake we have made, however we need less talk and more action. The policies of mitigation and adaption which traditionally have been the main two policies in combating climate change have proved to be limiting in their effectiveness (Parry, 2009:1-2). For example, achieving current mitigation targets will not prevent major environmental impacts, as in order for mitigation to have any effect in reducing global damage global emission cuts of 80 percent are necessary (Parry, 2009:1). According to Martin Parry the fundamental cause of climate change is unsustainable development, both in the past and the present (Parry, 2009:1). Sustainable development is therefore pivotal in forming the fundamental prerequisites for combating climate change. Parry further goes on to emphasize the necessity for the implementation of a sustainable development strategy that ‘combines mitigation and adaptation in a whole package of other development strategies, including high levels of efficiency and equity in resource use, investment, governance and income growth' in order to successfully and effectively confront climate change (Parry, 2009:8). In response to the article published in the Mail and Guardian on the 10th September 2009; combating climate change will not necessarily stagnate or reduce development. Low carbon economies are effective in creating employment opportunities and bringing about the fundamental prerequisites that are essential for enticing development whilst limiting environmental damage (Winkler and Marquard, 2009:62). Energy efficiency programmes are most effective in reducing emissions with little economic consequence which in a country such as South Africa is desperately needed in order to reduce carbon emissions with little effect on economic development (Winkler and Marquard, 2009:62). Other ways of reducing emissions as highlighted by Winkler and Marquard include the implementation of non-carbon and reduced carbon energy supplies in the form of hydroelectricity, natural gas and solar power (Winkler and Marquard, 2009:62). However, changing development paths is a very challenging and time consuming process which can be bought about in various ways including; the imposition of carbon taxes, selective beneficiation and incentive programmes for energy-intensive industries (Winkler and Marquard, 2009:62). Climate change is a global problem that can only be solved through global cooperation and teamwork. The injustices of the past must be forgotten and both the developed and developing world must work together to ensure the immediate and drastic reduction in emissions. Combating global climate change is a long term process that requires extreme dedication and ruthless legislation that will ensure the full cooperation from countries the world over. Economic growth is not the priority anymore; mankind could potentially be on the brink of extinction unless drastic measures to combat climate change are implemented. ‘When the last tree is cut down, the last river poisoned, the last fish caught, then, only man will discover, that he cannot eat money'.

Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 28

Personal Statement Example I could tell that marketing to me was one of the most fulfilling topics I had ever covered while studying my degree in Management. The course work was as interesting as the practical work which mostly entailed presentations and research work as directed by my professor. To be honest, I found the practical work much easier to do, with especially my research assignments in the marketing topic proving to be one of the most interesting and memorable tasks I have completed to date. I especially enjoyed making field observations and presenting field data in the market research segment for the marketing classes. In all honesty, this is a field that caught my heart, despite being a regretfully small part of my degree in management. As earlier mentioned, I have studied primarily in management, and my specialty is in the banking area. I graduated with a management degree in June 2014 from the Qafqaz University in Azerbaijan. I was top of my Faculty (Management) accumulating a final GPA of 95.04. This followed a string of exemplary academic performances that saw me receive numerous recognition awards from the Dean of the Faculty and the University Rector as well. However, it is the marketing subject that remains a memorable part of my studies in management. I found myself more inclined to all marketing related subjects than all other areas of my undergraduate studies, with a special liking and interest in advertising. I feel that it is the creativity that this subject demands which makes me so attracted to it. I believe that I am well equipped to prosper in the marketing field, especially considering a few of my related strengths and passions. I am a team leader by nature and for this, I have found to thrive well in teamwork arrangements. From my experience at the University, I performed the best while studying in team works, deriving immeasurable satisfaction and joy from

Customer Inserts Grade Course Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Customer Inserts Grade Course - Essay Example For example, the article states that the demand for there is an increase in the demand for BMW cars within the European Union car market segment. In addition, the demand for tried and tested Mercedes –Benz is also increasing. Lastly, more current and prospective clients are eager to buy the Audi cars. The Audi cars are composed of the quality Volkswagen parts. The article further states that the demand for cars in the German car market segment had increased by an estimated 10 percent. In order to increase their car sales, the article excellent shows that the car manufacturing companies had to offer discounts to its current and prospective clients. The economic theory of demand states as the prices of goods and commodities decline (through the offer of discounts), the demand for the car manufacturing company’s products increase. The article shows facts stating the increase in the demands for the have actually increased due to the discounts given to the company’s p resent and future clients. The article also shows actual financial figures to bring home the story that some of the car manufacturers are losing money and on the brink of joining the long line of bankrupt companies. The article shows that Peugeot – Citroen’s parent company, PSA, generated a huge financial for the prior year. Specifically, the Peugeot - Citroen’s parent company, PSA generated a net loss of â‚ ¬92,000,000 ($121 m). The article correctly warns that General Motors did not reveal its actual global losses. General Motors is the car manufacturer of Opel – Vauxhall). In addition, the article correctly shows an article to confirm the General Motors car, Opel – Vauxhill. The additional car sales loss amounted to $14 billion. The article also indicates that the European Union’s new car sales had declined to only 13,000,000 units. The figure is far lower than the car demand for 2007, alone. The European car sales figures had continue d to drop below the poverty level because the client’s car sales had declined for the past four years of painstaking car marketing. Specifically, the school’s academic references persuading the readers to study the statistic car figures as a way to understand the financial statements. Even then the European Car manufactures state that the South Korean brands are better sellers compared to the many European Brands. Next, the article shows excellently includes the primary and secondary references in terms of degree of relevance to the topic being discussed. The inserted graph shows that the top selling car is the Renault. The same article shows that the second top selling car is the Renault Kangoo. The third top selling car is the Fiat Panda. The fourth top selling car is the Opel Corsa. The Fifth top selling car is the Opel Asra. The car brand that is ranked as the lowest selling bran is the Peugeot 207. Likewise the 2nd lowest selling car brand is the Citroen C3. The t hird lowest selling car brand is the Ford Focus. The article indicates that the secondary source for car brand rankings is the reliable Guter Rat Magazine. The article also shows that the government can step in to prevent the car companies from being dragged into the bankruptcy bandwagon. The article indicates that the United States Government bailed out the American Car Company, General Motors Company, by giving the car manufacturing company financial rescue money. Similarly, the United States government gave a timely financial support to the car

Non-current assets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Non-current assets - Essay Example The paper will look at two standards by the IAS, which are the IAS 16 and IAS 38 regarding non-current assets. This paper attempts to analyze the standards that IAS sets regarding accounting of non-current assets. It sets these guidelines on how organizations and companies should handle both tangible and intangible non-current assets. IAS is responsible for setting international auditing standards so that they act as guidelines for auditors and accountants to follow regarding non-current assets (Kirk, 234). Each part in the accounting profession has its own standards as a guide on how to handle it. For instance, handling plant and machinery under IAS 16 is different from dealing with intangible non-current assets under IAS 38. This creates a form of independence when dealing with various aspects in the accounting process. IAS standards on Property, plant, and equipment IAS 16 defines handling of property, plant and equipment which is different from IAS 38 which defines handling of in tangible assets in financial statements. Property, plant and equipment are all fixed tangible assets; therefore, adoption of a common method when dealing with them in the accounting process. ... The first guideline is their initial measurement which entails the initial cost and all other cost necessary to make the assets ready for use. It also includes capitalization of interest costs. The other step is the subsequent measurement of the fixed assets which entails depreciation and disposal of assets (Kirk, 234). The rule of Impairment and disposing of the assets indicates how to dispose of such assets in terms of the guidelines. Accounting standards regarding these three assets provides a guideline on how to classify long-lived assets that are held for sale and those held for use. Long-lived assets that are meant to be held for sale do not depreciate; therefore, their presentation should be separate. They should be placed separately in a statement of financial position. This is because they are not in the business for use, rather they are for sale; hence, their selling price does not fall. The accounting standards provide rules and formula regarding how to measure this type o f fixed assets (Kirk, 250). The other guideline regarding plant, property and equipment is the discontinued operations for those assets held for sale and those held for use. The impairment test and recoverability test give rules regarding recoverability of fixed assets and those that are not recoverable. There are also rules on the impairment loss on plant, property and equipment under the accounting standards. The standards provide for impairment loss that can be reversed, and that is unversed. This indicates how these types of losses are recognized when preparing financial statement (Alexander, 359). The standards also give conditions on when such losses cannot be reversed, for instance in situations where there is an increase in the fair value of plant,

Triumph over Lifes Challenges Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Triumph over Lifes Challenges - Essay Example Currently, she runs an organization that seeks to help other girls from her continent to make it in life. Vanessa’s family was of a humble setting in the African continent. She was her mother’s only child with no siblings. However, she lacked the privilege of meeting her mother who passed on her after birth. She grew up to find herself in the caring hands of her aged grandmother. Growing up was not an easy thing for her, because the economic status in her home country was not easy. Despite all the challenges, the young girl seemed to be coping well in life and making the best out of the little they had. She was an above average student in school, and financial challenges did not stop her from shining. At the end of her primary schooling, she emerged as a top achiever in the final examinations. This was no meager achievement for her because she lacked most of the basic resources but remained resilience, believing that she would excel. Her exemplary performance saw her re ceive an admission into one of the best schools in her country. The grandmother lacked sufficient funds to support her, but Vanessa was an epitome of determination. Nuns owned the school that she joined, a factor that later worked out very well for her. She remained an exemplary student through high school, a factor that earned her a scholarship organized by the nuns. The first two years of high school lacked major events. However, while she was sixteen, she lost her grandmother, the only family that she ever knew. Although devastated, she knew that it was not time to give up her dreams (Georges). Somehow, she managed to get over the loss and focused on her education. At the end of her four years, she emerged top of the country again. Despite the achievement, she experienced immense loneliness because she lacked family.

Attica Correctional Facility Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Attica Correctional Facility - Research Paper Example The Attica Correctional Facility maintains a large industrial operation producing a variety of textile items and metal products. There is also a large program of vocational and academic education. In addition, it maintains extensive programs in family service, mental health and youth assistance. Authors of the Prison Monitoring Report: Attica also stated that they were left with both positive and negative impressions about the facility. While some programs provide beneficial and productive opportunities for inmates to gain skills and confront difficult challenges, they were struck by a widespread sense of fear and intimidation among the inmates. Reports of staff physically abusing inmates and retaliation by officers against inmates who file complains about staff were extensive. Although inmates had positive impressions about Superintendent James Conway and his administration, they reported that he was unable to halt the pervasive violence and abuse by the officers. The four-day riot at the Attica Correctional Facility was reported by History.com as the bloodiest prison insurrection in US History. It was reported that on September 9, 1971 a group of inmates at the facility assaulted a prison guard and began rioting. They took prison employees hostage and gained control of portions of the facility. After which, negotiations between inmates and prison officials followed. The inmates demanded better living conditions at the overcrowded prison. However, an article on the American Express website reported some events essential to validating the purpose of the riot. It reported that inmates who were predominantly African American and Puerto Ricans were incensed at the deteriorating living conditions-among them, the fact that they were only allowed to shower once per week and were allowed one roll of toilet paper per month. Overcrowding had also

How Europeans Affected the Indians Essay Example for Free

How Europeans Affected the Indians Essay The arrival of the Europeans affected the Indians in several different ways. The Indians were exposed to new experiences such as diseases, religion, racism, land ownership, and trade to name a few. The Indians way of life changed forever with the arrival of the European colonists. Diseases were introduced to them as early as 1550 by European fisherman who stayed on the New England shores during the winter. The fisherman brought devastating illnesses which the Indians had little resistance to such as diphtheria, cholera, typhus, measles, and small pox. The coastal Indians were the first infected by these aliments and in turn, they spread them to the inland Indians. These diseases were ruinous and cost many Indians their lives. The Indians had their own customs and religions. They were introduced to the colonist’s religion, Protestant Christianity. They did not immediately take to the Puritan religion as the Indians took to Catholicism brought in by the Spaniards. They found it difficult to embrace a religion that taught that all but a few of them were damned to hellfire. Also, the Puritan or Anglican religion was complicated with English ways of eating, dressing, working, and looking at the world. The Indians that did embrace the Protestant religion were forced to adhere to the Protestant ways and abandoned their own. The Indian men were to farm and the women to weave, they lived in English houses and not wigwams, they were to barber their hair as the Puritans, and they were to stop using bear grease toward off mosquitoes. Racism was introduced to the Indians by the English colonists. Before the colonist’s arrival, they knew nothing of prejudice. Captives were adopted into the tribe, white prisoners as well as Indians born into another tribe. They were fully accepted as their brothers and sisters. Tribes would even raid other tribes and white settlements in order to increase their numbers. Extramarital miscegenation produced â€Å"half-breeds† which were consigned to the Indians. This was done in part because they were illegitimate, but mostly because of the consciousness of race that steadily grew in intensity in the colonial societies. The English referred to the Indians as savages because they were racially inferior. They abhorred their culture, morals, manners, and religion. They thought of all Indians as enemies. The Indians  were exposed to this narrow mindedness and bigotry which had been made by the colonist and so they learned of racism. The colonists assumed possession of lands that were vacated, like the site of Plymouth, on the justification of ancient legal principle that unoccupied land is anybody’s picking. The colonists did acknowledge the legal and moral rights of the tribes to own land they occupied and purchased what they could of it. The problem was that when the Indians sold land to the colonists, their understanding was that they were then willing to share their hunting grounds with them, just as they would with other tribes. They did not understand the concept of ownership. This was not a practice in which they had ever been exposed. This misunderstanding between the Indians and colonists caused wars between them which were inevitably won by the colonists. The Indians way of life was not suitable to live where the English lived due to the colonist’s agricultural ways. The Indians farmed by borrowing fields from the forest. They cultivated the soil for a few years and then moved elsewhere. The fields then reverted to hunting grounds. But the colonists did not allow this to happen. They destroyed the forests for hundreds of acres. They farmed these fields until the soil was depleted. Then they would turn the fields into pastures for their livestock. The livestock would renew the soil after several years. But during this time, the colonists would clear more hundreds of acres for their farming. This caused the flight of wildlife and game, which was vital to the Indians way of life. The Indians were anxious to trade with the colonists. They would trade furs for such things as beef, baubles, vessels, tools, iron tomahawks, woven wool blankets, liquor, and muskets. In order to trade with the Europeans, the Indians hunted and trapped for the hides of deer and the furs of other animals which the colonists wanted. Competition for furs between the tribes introduced a vicious kind of war between the Indians. The fur trade also resulted in the destruction of the ecological system of the area. Before fur trading with the Europeans, the tribes killed only moose, deer, beaver, and the other animals which were necessary and they had an immediate need. But with the need for more hides and furs, the Indians hunted until they had extinguished all the animals in their hunting grounds. The Indians then went into other tribes’ territories to hunt which in turn caused warfare between them. Another problem with trading with the colonists arose out of the Indians want of the liquor which the colonists provided. They took to the intoxicating effects of the liquor which in turn caused new problems within the tribes and with the people of the tribes. The colonist’s actions also caused another first for the Indians. The hanging of three Wampanoag’s at Plymouth for murdering Sassamon, a â€Å"praying Indian† caused the first pan-Indian attempt to preserve traditional culture. Metacomet, called King Phillip by the New Englanders, was the one to convince the other tribes to work together as he saw that the colonists with their ever increasing numbers were destroying the Indians way of life. Slavery was the involuntary capture of human beings who were sold and then owned by their masters. They were forced to work for their entire lives. Slaves had no personal rights and no hope of freedom. Slavery was first notable in the southern colonies. At first, colonists saw the indentured servants as better investments than spending money on the slaves. Later, they realized that the slaves seem to have a built up immunity to certain diseases such as malaria, which often killed the indentured servants in their care. The colonists came to see the slaves as an investment, worth the money for the outcome of a lifelong worker who could do manual labor, did not have to be replaced after a specific number of years of service, and also could assist in bearing children born into slavery which only would increase the master’s workforce. Eventually, all of the colonies became involved in owning slaves. Indentured servitude was an adaptation of the well established English means of training boys to be artisans and caring for orphans. Fathers would sign an indenture with a master of a craft. This bound the boy to the master for a period of years, usually seven years. In return for his labor, the master agreed to shelter, clothe, and feed his apprentice and teach him the craft. This institution of indentured servitude was also used to provide for orphans. Indentured servants were well suited for farmers who needed  laborers. People were recruited in England to sign indentures to work in the colonies as servants for an agreed number of years. In return for signing the indentures, the servant’s passage across the Atlantic was paid. Some servant’s were forced by English courts which sentenced convicts to transportation to the colonies. There they served out their sentences as bound servants. Unlike slaves, the indentured servants had personal rights. The term of the servitude was written down which varied from three to seven years. At the end of the agreed time, they were freed. They were given clothing, tools, a little money, and sometimes land.

Comparison of Healthcare Systems: Russia and the US

Comparison of Healthcare Systems: Russia and the US Joel Adewuyi Madalyn Arnott Stephanie Armstrong Lauren Ball Russian federation has 17 million km2 of land surface area, making it the largest country in the world. The country has major deposits of coal, timber, oil, and assorted minerals and is thus perceived by many as a rich country who can provide universal healthcare to her citizens. Today, the healthcare system in Russia unlike in the United States is universal but has been plagued with poor quality and deficient services and thus in the process of being reformed by the Russian government. It is a universal system only in theory but the poor quality has made many Russians result to paying under the counter-bribes in order to get their necessary treatments (Russian, 2017). Recent government reforms, and measures to increase efficiency such as increase in funding have begun to address the ongoing problem in the healthcare sector. However, even with the new reforms in place, since the 1990s, there has been no significant improvement in the healthcare system (Russian 2017). The biggest problem confronting this system has been attributed to lack of funding by the government. Historical Perspectives The end of the Soviet Union gave birth to the Russian Federation in 1991 and since then the health status of the Russian population has been on a dramatic decline. Rates of medical conditions like cancer, heart disease, and tuberculosis are the highest compared to any other industrialized country. Government spending on healthcare which was 7% of Gross National Product (GNP) in the 1960s before Soviet Unions breakup was reduced to 3% after the breakup (site wide, 2017). Most of the government funding started going to industrial and military developments and lesser priority given to the healthcare system and by the end of 1995 less than 1 percent of Russias budget was allocated to public health in comparison to more than 12 percent in the United States (site wide 2017). With this, the public health delivery system in Russia went into the crisis with poorly trained medical personnel, lack of modernized equipment, poor payments for the medical personnel, poor personal hygiene and diet, lack of exercise, virtually nonexistent preventive medicine etc. The lack of accessibility to national health system facilities, with most patients standing in line at clinics for an entire day before receiving treatments coupled with non-affordability prescriptions drugs, has encouraged them resulting into unorthodox alternatives such as herbal medicine, mysticism, and faith healings. Russian Healthcare System Today There are several issues that can be observed in the modern Russian healthcare system. For example; there is limited access to healthcare facilities, and the sanitation in the facilities is below United States standards. The Healthcare system in the United States is often viewed as the best in the world, but it has several flaws as well. There is limited access for veterans and several hospitals charge as much as three times what others charge. There are also several benefits to the United States healthcare. Virtually on every corner of any town in the U.S there is access to a hospital or an emergency room. Also in the U.S., there are several payment plans individuals can use. In the Russian healthcare system one of the main problems is limited access to healthcare facilities. Only four percent pay their doctors when they have a medical procedure (Allianz, 2009 p 5). This causes a shortage of medical professionals. The lack of medical professionals causes individuals to rely on themselves for medical treatment. Several problems arise when individuals rely on their own knowledge. Another major issue with this system is the unsanitary working conditions of medical practices and medical professionals themselves. The lack of sanitation in facilities causes individuals to be more susceptible to diseases and other types of infections (Antonova, 2016 p3). The Russian healthcare system has several flaws that we do not have in the United States healthcare system. In the United States, there are hospitals around every corner. This allows individuals to have access to healthcare no matter where they live, but this can have some repercussions. Although hospitals are easy to find some individuals cannot afford this care. In 2010 the Affordable Care Act was signed so everyone has access to healthcare, but individuals need to have insurance for this Act to apply to them. This although seems beneficial to all, some individuals feel that they are forced to buy insurance. One positive aspect of the United States healthcare system is the amount of insurance options available. Most individuals use insurance through their employer, and some have medical cards. One negative aspect of the healthcare system is there is little to no coverage to for veterans. Tricare only covers veterans when they are in active duty, once they retire the insurance no longer covers them. Future of Healthcare System in Russia The Russian healthcare system for sure needs improvements due to many problems. Russias population is more than 6 million lower than it was nearly two decades ago (public health, 2015). Sadly, birth rates are lower and mortality rates are higher. Over half of the deaths are due to cardiovascular disease. Other problems include cancer and external causes such as accidents and traumas. However, since 2005 the Russian healthcare system have been trying to turn things around positively. In 2006, the Russian government launched the National Priority Project (NPP) to try and change the system for the better (public health 2015). The budget for this project was over than 400 billion rubles (Russian dollars) which was granted between 2006 to 2009 (public health 2015). Many activities have been planned and accomplished through the NPP. The NPP has increased salaries of primary and emergency care physicians, purchased more primary care equipment, provided more vaccination programs, providing free medical examinations to the public, increased the promotion of fertility, and made more high-tech centers for tertiary care. These activities have increased the quality of the system and bettered it for the citizens of Russia. There have recently been very bad financial troubles in Russia yet the NPP has managed to improve the system through these ways. Fertility rates are higher, mortality rates are lower, and life expectancy for both women and men have risen. However, not all the healthcare problems have been addressed. Basic healthcare is still unfunded, there are many problems with Russias healthcare insurance, and there is little effort to face and fix the population health behavior. Until the Russian citizens take these problems into their own hands the future of Russias health will be a problem. The citizens need to stop smoking, binge drinking, and bad habits in order to enjoy better health. The Russian public needs to be able to provide healthy air, water, better food quality, safer roads, and safer work environments. Until these problems are addressed, the health challenges that Russia faces will not be fixed and will follow to the years ahead. Russias health care system has taken a turn for the worst. Consequences of a failing healthcare system have fed to declining health among the Russian population. Inefficient funds have led to cost cuts, this already damaging a weak system. Numerous medical staff had to be laid off because of this, when healthcare workers were already at a minimal amount. At this point in time Russia suffers from a high death rate, low birth rate, and low life expectancy. The total population is decreasing by 700,000 people each year (Aarva 2009). The average life span for a male is statistically shown to only reach 59 years old (Aarva, 2009). Compared to the United States, a typical average life span for men is 78 years old (Aarva, 2009). Women in Russia overall only average to 72 years old (Aarva, 2009). The fertility rates in Russia cannot meet the declining rate of population. The decline in health statistically shows to only get worse within the next 50 years, declining by 30 percent (Aarva 2009) . In Russia, the number one leading cause of death is cardiovascular disease, this is followed by alcoholism and tobacco use. The World Health Organization accounts for more than 1.2 million deaths per year from these. A growing health issue in Russia is disease, such as HIV/AIDS, a little over 1 percent of Russias population test positive (Aarva, 2009). Lancet 2012 study showed that 57 percent of those affected acquired this from drug use (Aarva, 2009). Although over looked, Russias health care system has led them to have a lot in common with 3rd world countries. Numerous factors have led to Russias health care decline; however, many believe lack of education is the number one reason for the decline. Public health policies and information is less easy to access in Russia then the United States. Russia is also lacking in resources such as a lack in medication. Russias health care doesnt have the ability to give the citizens proper health care, if this situation continues their population will significantly continue to decline. In conclusion and in fairness to the Russia federation, the truth is that despite the relatively poor health statistics and healthcare situations, Russia is not dependent on any international assistance for her healthcare funding and is nondependent on any of the developed countries. Even though, they are independent, the governments duty of a guaranteed full range of free healthcare services to her citizens has not experienced any setback, but rather has been confirmed through the newly implemented Russian constitution and the new healthcare financing laws. References Russian health care: A healthy future? (n.d.). Retrieved February 22, 2017. Site-wide navigation. (n.d.). Retrieved February 23, 2017. Public Health: Russia is Sick. The Globalist. N.p., 04 Oct. 2015. Web. 23 Feb. 2017. Landed, S. J. (2014, May 04). Overview. Retrieved February 22, 2017. Allianz. (2017). Healthcare in Russia support. Retrieved February 23, 2017. Aarva, P., Ilchenko, I., Gorobets, P., Rogacheva, A. (2009). Formal and informal payments in health care facilities in two Russian cities, Tyumen and Lipetsk. Health Policy and Planning, 24(5), 395-405. doi:10.1093/heapol/czp029 Antonova, N. (2016). Access to Healthcare in Russia: A Pilot Study in Ekaterinburg. Central European Journal of Public Health, 24(2), 152-155. doi:10.21101/cejph.a3942 O. (n.d.). Weve Got You Covered. Retrieved February 23, 2017. Dairy Products: Physio-chemicals and Microbiology Dairy Products: Physio-chemicals and Microbiology Agriculture is the single largest sector in the Pakistan, contributing 21. 8 to the gross domestic product and employing approximately 44. 7 of the workforce. Livestock is playing a vital role in the economy of Pakistan and account for 51. 8 % of the agriculture value added and 11. 3% of the national Gross Domestic Product. The milk production in country increased by 35. 6% from 1996 to 2007 (Anonymous, 2008). Pakistan dairy sector is producing 41. 3 million tons milk and is the fifith largest milk producing country in the world. Its massive herd of 60. 8 million cows and buffaloes produced 40. 76 million tons of milk in the year 2007-2008. while 56. 70 million goats produced 0. 70 million ton (Anonymous, 2008). The role of livestock sector in the rural economy of Pakistan is important as 30-35 million rural population of the country derive their livelihood from livestock production as a primary or secondary activity (Anonymous, 2008), Milk is defined as the whole, fresh, clean, lacteal secretion obtained by the complete milking of one or more healthy milk animals excluding that obtained within fifteen days before or five days after the calving or such period as may be necessary to render the milk practically colostrums free and containing the minimum prescribed percentage of milk fat and sold not fat (Goff and Griffth, 2006). Milk is a dynamically balanced mixture and is also a perishable food. It is one of few foods consumed in the natural form throught the world. Milk contain 87% water 3. 9% fat, 3. 3% protein, 5% lactose and 0. 7% ash. Milk supply body building protein, bone forming minerals, health giving vitamin and energy giving lactose and milk fat. Besides providing certain essential fatty acids it contain all essential amino acid. All the properties of milk make it an important food for growing children, adults, adolescents, invalid, convalescents and patients (Khan et al., 2005). There is a great potential for dairy industry but the sector operates mostly in the informal economy and needs a constituents effort to formalize and be able to contribute better to the national economy. There are nearly 5. 5 million small scale rural units owing less than 6 dairy herds. These small dairy holders produce 65% of all buffalos and cows milk. Out of total milk produced, 97% is in the informal sector (i. e. loose milk consumed in the village and or sold in the cities through Gawalas in unhygienic condition and without any quality standard). The small scale milk collector collect 200-400 kg milk per day from different villages. Medium scale milk collectors collect 400-800 kg milk per day in a manner similar to the small milk collectors, but on a large scale, Large scale milk collectos collect 5-to 10 tons milk per day and supply milk the dairy factories (Garcia et al, 2003). There are hardly 15 milk processing plant (mainly UHT fluid milk, milk powder and yoghurt in Pakist an). Only about 3 % milk is being processed and 97% is consumed as a raw milk (Malik, 2008). Milk and milk products are one of the most important food products with livestock origin which enjoy special significance in terms of its various nutritional properties such as protein, lactose, fat, minerals and vitamins. Many studies have been made on its constituents and physiochemical characteristics (Walstra et al,  1999). Adulteration of milk and dairy products is one of the most serious issues in the dairy industry and causes economic losses and major health problem to consumers. Due to the limited number of large dairy farms, milk handling process in the traditional system are unhygienic and there is insufficient enforcement of standards, resulting in poor quality of milk products. In order to keep the milk safe, middleman add ice to the milk, in addition microbiological contamination occur due to addition of ice in the milk. The middleman increases the milk quality by adding water, vegitable oil, whey powder and other ingredients to increase the soilds of milk. Antibiotics and Hydrogen peroxide are often used as a preservatives (Garcia et al,   2003). The adulterants in milk include water, starch, whey poxder, vegetable oil and hazourds substance such as antibiotics, caustic soda, urea, formaline, detergents and other chemicals preservatives. Adulteration in milk is a very serious issues in Pakistan. Keeping in view these facts, the present will be planned. Objectives: To study the Physio-chemicals and microbiological quality of dairy products. To determine the adulterants and residues in the dairy products. To determine the relationship of physio-chemical parameters with adulterants. To make recommendation to the Govt of Punjab in the control of adulterants in milk and other food products. Review of Literature: A study conducted on physiochemical quality of UHT milk produced from whole milk powder and stored at 4 °C and 25 °C for 48 hours. They observed that non protein nitrogen content of UHT milk increased while pH decreased with storage and the rate of change being greater at higher storage temperature. Sediment increased with longer storage period, but independent of storage temperature. With longer storage at both 3+-1 C and 25-+ 1 °C, greater sediment and lower pH were observed in UHT milk processed from older milk powder. The development of off flavors increased in UHT milk with a prolong storage period (Ernani et al, 1997). Kuo et al. 2001 studied the effect of heat treatments on the meltability of cheese. They studied cheddar cheese of different composition and low-moisture. Cheese samples were heated to 60 °C and held for 0, 10 and 20 min before allowing the melted cheese to flow. Mean meltabilities, over all ages of both Cheddar and Mozrella cheeses decreased significantly as holding time increased. Meltability of young cheese was scarcely affected by the holding time, in contrast to that of the old cheese where increasing the holding time greately reduced meltability. Khan (2004) studied the physio-chemicals changes in UHT bottled milk and found that effect of treatments and storage on sedimentation, fat, pH, acidity and SNF was highly significant. Maaximum sedimentation was observed after 12 weeks of storage, pH gradually decreased and minimum value were found after 12 weeks. Maximum acidity was found after 12 weeks and minimum was noted in the first week. Kumar and Mishara (2004), studied the effect of stabilizer addition on physiochemical, sensory, textural properties and stater culture counts of mango soy milk fortified yoghurt (MSFY). Three stabilizer namely gelatin, pectin and sodium alginate were used. The addition rate of stabilizer was 0. 2%, 0. 4% and 0. 6% w/w. Significant effect of type and addition rate on acidity, msture content and total solids ofMSFY were observed. Syneresis and acetaldehyde content of MSFY was reduced significantly. Lightness and yellowness of MSFY increased with gelatin and decreased with pectin and sodium alginate. Gelatin gave better effect on appearance and color, body and texture, flavor and overall acceptability in comparision with other stabilizer at 0. 4 % addition rate. Hardness, cohesiveness and adhesiveness of MSFY increased up to 0. 4 % stabilizer addition, while springiness and gumminess did not follow any trend. There was a significant effect of stabilizer addition on Streptococcus thermop hillus and lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus counts. Griffiths et al 1988, manufactured low heat skim milk powder from raw farm bulk tank and creamery silo milk which had been stored at 2 °C for 24 and 72 hours. During the storage period psychrotroph count increased by about 1log cycle after 24 hour aand 2 log cycle after 72 hours. There was no increase in thermoduric or spore counts of the milk under these storage condition. The powder manufactured from these milk was good bacteriological quality and conformed to ADMI recommendations regarding moisture content, titratable acidity and solubility. They concluded that storage of raw milk at 2 C had no deterintal effect on the heat stability of the powder manufactured from it when reconstituted to both 9 and 22% total solid concentrations. Molska et al 2003 studied the microbiological quality of kefir (61 samples) and yoghurt (92 samples) purchased in retail network in Warsaw. The total number of bacteria in at least 90% of yoghurt and 73% of kefir was in the range of 10(7)-10(9) cfu/g. The domestic group of bacteria in kefir were mesophilic lactic acid streptococci and in yoghurt S. thermophillus. The number of L. delbrueckii in 40 % of sample was less than 10(7) cfu/g. More than 86 % of kefir and 97 % of yoghurt analysed were free from coliform bacteria., B. cereus, mould and yeast. About 48 % of kefir samples did not fulfilled the FAO/WHO requirements concerning the number of yeast. Kessel et al 2004, determine the test for standard plate count (SPC) and fecal coliforms in the bulk tank milk in the inited state. As part of the 2002 survey, 861 bulk tank milk sample were collected from farms in 21 states, coliform were detected in 95 % samples. There were no apparent relationship between SPC and incidence of salmonella or L. monocytogenes. Although the prevalence of L. monocytogenes and salmonella was low, these pathogens represent a potential risk to consumers of raw milk and raw milk products. Nero et al 2004 condcted a study to avaluate the microbiological quality and the presence of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. In the raw milk produced in 210 small and medium farms located in four important milk producing Brazilian states. In 66% of the selected farms the milkng was manual. In 33 % of them, the milking was semi-automatic and only 1 % were equipped wit hfully automatic milking systems. All raw milk samples were negative for L. monocytogenes and salmonella spp. Mesophilic aerobes counts were higher than 10^5 CFU /ml in 75. 7% of the samples. In 80. 4%, coliforms were over 10^2CFU /ml. Escherichia coli were detected in 36. 8% of the samples. Aygun et al 2005 purchased 50 randomly selected samples of Carra cheese, raw milk cheese, from different retail markets in the Antakya region and were investigated for microbiological quality and some chemical analyses. In their samples, the number of microorganisms were found as follows : Staphylococcus aureus 2. 51* 10^3 cfu/g, coliform 1. 02*10^4 cfu/g, E. coli 4. 27*10^3 cfu/g, Salmonella were not detected in any of the samples. Mean moisture, salt and fat content of Carra cheese were found as 41. 26%, 7. 82% and 26. 77% respectively. The pH value of the samples varied b/w 4. 53 and 6. 32 with the mean of 5. 24. The microbiological finding showed the presence of high counts of microorganisms investigated and the poor hygienic quality of Carra cheese. Little et al 2008 determined the microbiological quality of two retail fresh ripened and semi hard cheeses made from raw, thermized or pasteurized milk. Raw or thermized milk cheeses were of unsatisfactory quality due to level of Staphylococcus aureus st 10^4 cfu/g, E. coli at 10^5 cfu/g, whereas pasteurized milk cheeses were of unsatisfactory quality due to S. aureus at 10^3 cfu/g and E. coli at 10^3 cfu/g. Salmonella was not detected in any samples. They emphasize the need for applying and maintaining good hygeinc practices throught the food chain to prevent contamination and bacterial growth. Labelling of cheeses with clear information on whether the cheese was prepared from raw milk also requires improvement. Sheppard et al 1985 demonstrated the application of various analytical methods to the detection, identification and quantitation of vegetable oil adulteration o ice cream. Total fat content, sterol, long and chain fatty acid, vit E, Reichert à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Meissle values and Polenske values were measured in ice cream. All method except total fat determination were capable of detecting vegetable oil adulteration. Sterol determination was the most effective and versatile measurement because it provided information not only on the detection and extent of adulteration but also on the possible identity of the adulterant. Fox et al 1988, described a test for routine screening of Mozzarrella Cheese and butter for vegetable fat adulteration. Fat is extracted and sponified. The potassium salts of the fatty acids are measured through direct gas chromatographic analysis. A ratio, calculated from the concentration of butyric acid and oleic acid is used to avaluate the puroty of the samples. The test offers good precision and can detect less than 10% partially hydrogenated vegetable fat. Kumar et al 2002, reported that adulteration in milk and milk products has reached an alarming stage. Milk fat is being mixed or replaced with cheaper vegetable oil. Therefore, often more than one test has to be employed to confirm the purity of milk fat. The various method for the detection of adulteration in milk at is based on the physical properties, chemical properties and presence or absence of specific constituents of either milk fat or adulterant fats. Jha and Matsuoka 2004, conducted a study on the adulteration of natural milk by synthetic milk, prepared by mixing appropriate amount of vegetable oil, urea, detergent powder /shampoo, caustic soda, sugar /salt and skim milk powder to water. Detection of adulterants is difficult by a single method and sometimes more than two methods are required to confirm the presence. The potential of near-infrared spectroscopy were investigated (NIRS) in the wavelength range of 700-1124. 8 nm. Material And Methods: Collection of Samples: The dairy products samples will be collected from the market and then analysis will be performed at Dairy Laboratory, National Institute of Food Science Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Butter: Butter samples of three different brand namely Gourmet, haleeb and Nurpur Dairies will be collected. Three samples from each brand will be collected. Youghurt: Yoghurt samples of three different brands namely Gourmet, haleeb and Nurpur Dairies will be collected. Three samples from each brand will be collected. Cheese: Cheese samples of three different brands namely Adams, Military dairy Factory and Nurpur Dairies will be collected. Three samples from each brand will be collected. Milk Powder: Milk Powder samples of three different brands namely Gourmet, haleeb and Nurpur Dairies will be collected. Three samples from each brand will be collected. UHT milk: UHT milk samples of three different brands namely Gourmet, haleeb and Nurpur Dairies will be collected. Three samples from each brand will be collected. Sampling Procedure: Dairy product samples will be collected in clean sterilized container and put in ice chest, whereas milk powder will be collected in zip polyethylene bag. These samples will be transported for analysis to the Dairy Laboratory, National Institute of Food Science Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Sterilization: All glassware like pipette, test tubes, petri dishes, beaker and flasks will be thoroughly cleaned and sterilized in an oven at 180 C for 2 hours. All media and solution will be prepared in distilled water and autoclaved at 121 C at 15 Ib pressure for 15 min using the procedure of AOAC (2000). Physiochemical Test: The samples will be subjected to different physic-chemical test which are detailed as under. Melting Resistance and Melting Quality: Melting Resistance and Melting Quality will be determined by the method as prescribed by Bhadari(2001). Fat: Fat will be determined by using Gerber method as described by the Kirk and sawyer (1991). pH The pH of all the treatments will be determined according to AOAC (2000) method no. 981. 12. Moisture and ash All the treatments will be analyzed for moisture and ash according to their respective methods mentioned in AOAC (2000). Total solids Total solids called percent residues will be determined by drying the sample in hot air oven according to method described in AOAC (2000). Protein: Protein content will be determined by using Kjeldhal method as described by AOAC (2000). Microbiological Test: Dairy products samples will be tested for total plate counts, Coliform counts, Staphyloccus aureus and Yeast and Mould count by the method prescribed by AOAC (2000). Chemicals Adulterants Detection Test: Dairy products samples will be tested for the adulterants namely Formaldehyde, Boric acid, Hydrogen peroxide, Starch, Neutralizers (Sodium carbonate, bicarbonates, Sodium hydroxide by the method prescribed by AOAC (2000). Statistical analysis Results will be analyzed statistically to determine the level of significance (Steel et al., 1997). Literature Cited: Anonymous, (2008). Economic survey of Pakistan. Ministry of finance, economics advisers wing Islamabad. AOAC, (2000). Official Method of Analysis International. 17th edition. Association of office analytical chemists Washington, DC. AOCS, 1990. Official Methods and recommended practices of the American Oil Chemist Society. Atlas, R. M. 2004. Handbook of Microbiology Media 3rd ed. New York. Pp 345-356. Aygun, O. O. Aslantas and S. Oner, 2005. A survey on the microbiological quality of Carra, a traditional Turkish cheese. J. Food Eng 66(3): 401-404. Bandyopadhyay, A. K. and P. K. Ghatak, 2007. 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