einstein Essay -- essays research papers

He was the embodiment of pure intellect, the bumbling professor with the German accent, a jocund clich in a thousand films. Instantly recognizable, like Charlie Chaplins Little Tramp, Albert Einsteins shaggy-haired visage was as familiar to ordinary people as to the matrons who fluttered about him in salons from Berlin to Hollywood. tho he was unfathomably profound the genius among geniuses who discovered, merely by thinking about it, that the universe was not as it seemed. Even now scientists marvel at the presume of general relativity ("I still cant see how he thought of it," said the late Richard Feynman, no slouch himself). But the great physicist was to a fault winsomely simple, trading ties and socks for mothy sweaters and sweatshirts. He tossed off pithy aphorisms ("Science is a wonderful thing if one does not have to earn ones livelihood at it") and playful doggerel as easily as equations. Viewing the hoopla over him with humorous detachment, he variousl y referred to himself as the Jewish nonpareil or artists model. He was a cartoonists dream come true. Much to his surprise, his ideas, like Darwins, reverberated beyond science, influencing modern culture from painting to poetry. At first even numerous scientists didnt rightfully grasp relativity, prompting Arthur Eddingtons celebrated wisecrack (asked if it was true that only three people understood relativity, the witty British astrophysicist paused, then said, "I am hard to think who the third p... einstein Essay -- essays research papers He was the embodiment of pure intellect, the bumbling professor with the German accent, a comic clich in a thousand films. Instantly recognizable, like Charlie Chaplins Little Tramp, Albert Einsteins shaggy-haired visage was as familiar to ordinary people as to the matrons who fluttered about him in salons from Berlin to Hollywood. Yet he was unfathomably profound the genius among geniuses who discovered, merely by think ing about it, that the universe was not as it seemed. Even now scientists marvel at the daring of general relativity ("I still cant see how he thought of it," said the late Richard Feynman, no slouch himself). But the great physicist was also engagingly simple, trading ties and socks for mothy sweaters and sweatshirts. He tossed off pithy aphorisms ("Science is a wonderful thing if one does not have to earn ones living at it") and playful doggerel as easily as equations. Viewing the hoopla over him with humorous detachment, he variously referred to himself as the Jewish saint or artists model. He was a cartoonists dream come true. Much to his surprise, his ideas, like Darwins, reverberated beyond science, influencing modern culture from painting to poetry. At first even many scientists didnt really grasp relativity, prompting Arthur Eddingtons celebrated wisecrack (asked if it was true that only three people understood relativity, the witty British astrophysicist pau sed, then said, "I am trying to think who the third p...

Religion and the Energy Crisis Essay -- Natural Resources Essays Paper

Religion and the Energy CrisisWhen faced with the daunting specter of world energy issues and environmental crisis, itis natural to focus on finding solutions to our problems of sustainability and pollution. Before jumping into a frenzied search for solutions, however, it is necessary to take a hard look at precisely why we take to solve this problem in the first place. This is a often broader question, rooted in culture, philosophy, ethics, and religion. How we as a species deal with our spirituality has a great impress on our obligations to each other, to the world we live in, and to future generations.Looking at the potential harmfulness of the energy crisis, it is remarkable that morepeople atomic number 18 non concerned about changing lifestyles and conserving resources. Our high rate of growth and energy production are causing widespread climate change, poisoning our air and resulting in the extinction of species. Humanity cannot continue to consume energy at the present r ate given the limited supply of fossil fuels and the consequences of pollution, yet there seems to be a problem in cultivating widespread public concern for these issues. Even if the average American does not know the specifics of the matter, most everyone is aware of global warming, expiry species, and the fossil fuel problem, so the lack of motivation does not stem from ignorance. There is some other factor contributing to the motivation problem, one that goes much deeper into human nature.The basic problem faced in cultivating concern about the environment is one ofselfishness. In our modern secular society people are encouraged to be self serving, seeking individual success. They are valued for what they are able to accomplish for themselves, with t... ...n. Islamic Teachings in Brief. Ed. SayyidKhadim Jusayn Naquavi. Tans. Muzhgan Jalali. Iran Ansariyan Publications, 1990.Tucker, Mary Evelyn. Confucian cosmology and Ecological ethics qi, li, and the Role of the Human. ethi cs in the world religions. The Library of Global Ethics and Religion Vol.3. Eds. Joseph Runzo and Nancy M. Martin. Oxford Oneworld Publications, 2001.331-345.Ward, Keith. Religion and the Possibility of a Global Ethics. Ethics in the world religions. The Library of Global Ethics and Religion Vol. 3. Eds. Joseph Runzo and Nancy M. Martin. Oxford Oneworld Publications, 2001. 39-62.Wright, Dale S. Practices of Perfection The Ethical Aim of Mahayana Buddhism. Ethics inthe world religions. The Library of Global Ethics and Religion Vol. 3. Eds. JosephRunzo and Nancy M. Martin. Oxford Oneworld Publicatiosn, 2001. 219-233.

Monticello :: essays research papers

Monticello"I am as happy nowhere else and in no early(a) society, and all my wishes end, where I hope my days will end, at Monticello," wrote Thomas Jefferson the great architect of his home, Monticello. His home of 54 years was named Monticello which means "little plenty" in Italian. Many still question the reasoning for the name "Monticello." The only reasoning that was come up with was that Jefferson wanted to build his home on his fate located in the Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia near Charlottesville. He wanted a place that was private and away from civilization and the commotion of politics. Thomas Jefferson became his induce master builder on this land that he inherited from his father, Peter Jefferson. When his father died he left five thousand acres and more than twenty dollar bill slaves to Thomas and his younger brother Randolph. The land would include the little 867 foot wooded mountain that would one day be called "Monticello." In 1 767 Jefferson did the unheard involve ment to do in colonial America, he decided to build his dream home on the mountaintop. There were no highways or rivers on the land he built his home and people thought he was crazy and unpractical for doing this.      Architecture, as a profession, did not exist in colonial America. Only the wealthy men of the South were to have some knowledge of architectural styles. Finally gentlemen farmers and merchants were able to create plans and pictures of their dream houses by combining their skills. They were then able to become what was cognize as amateur architects.Jefferson started his construction of Monticello by leveling his mountaintop and setting down on paper sketchy visions of the house. He then prepared the mechanical work drawings, which he taught himself to do. The materials needed to construct Monticello were found in the area. He used his own trees for timber and took stone blocks for the foundation out of his mo untain. The bricks were even fired in Monticellos own mountaintop kiln. He studied                                                             P2the crafts of stonecutting, brick making and carpentry to carry out the work of construction. The only things he had to get elsewhere were the intricate fittings like fount locks and doorknobs or glass. Slowly but surely Jefferson finished a small brick building, which was the south pavilion, in 1770. Later the north pavilion was finished and served as a study for his son-in-law.

Mass Media :: Violence Technology Papers

Mass Media Part I The Problem.In the aftermath of the aquilege school guesss, parents were eager to find someone or something to take the hellish for the tragedy. We as Americans are a culture that has to be able to control the outcome of our every solar day lives. When something happens that catches us off guard, we get panicky and jump to conclusions. With no closure in sight from the columbine shootings, parents across the country wanted answers. Instead of evaluating their own parenting, people began to say that video games, motion picture and television were the problem. The idea was that by eliminating the violence on TV and that will stop kids from being violent. The news media, fearing for its ratings took this idea and ran with it doing in depth stories and all types of modified reports. The goal of this newsletter is not to place blame on some(prenominal)one, but to bring to the realization that the only way to help our youth is to not blame outside factors fo r behavior but approach the problem directly, in the home, face to face with the child. Columbine The tragedyOn a sunny spring day in April 1999, a suburban high school in Jefferson County, Colorado, found itself under attack by two of its own. In less than fifteen minutes of the first-lunch period on that Tuesday, two student gunmen killed 13 and wounded 21 before they turned the guns on themselves in the most devastating school shooting in U.S. history. Columbine High School is one of three in the unincorporated southeast portion of Jefferson County. The county itself lies on the west side of the Denver metropolitan area and is the most populated county in the state. The large unincorporated region along the countys southern plains and foothills has a population of nearly 100,000 residents - 1,945 of who attended Columbine High School.The two student gunmen were Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold. Their plans for attacking the school, recovered by investigators after the tragedy had t aken place, evolved over one years time. In those plans, Klebold and Harris defined a mission to kill as many students and faculty as possible. They would set off destructive bombs inside the school and then shoot any survivors trying to run out. Bombs inside their cars would explode later, killing law enforcement, fire or medical personnel responding to the scene.

The News Essay -- Personal Narrative News Television Media Papers

The NewsWatching the news on television has always been a wearisome chore for me. on that point is constant competition for my attention between the presentation of the news and the actual facts reported. At times, I question the accuracy of the news presented. I dont believe the reporters designedly broadcast stories which are untrue - but I believe some stories are either reported before getting all the information, which could result in a false story, or are slanted towards a certain major corporation or political candidate, and I mistrust the motive of the ne cardinalrk. In addition, I feel television news has become concerned with beingness entertaining. In my opinion, the news is not the forum for entertainment. A news show is think for providing information that at most may affect the viewer, or in the least provide informative facts. We do not need to coincide this with entertainment. On January 14, 1997, I watched Channel 7s 500 pm ABC Eyewitness News Local Broadcasting with Diane Burtone and Alan Krashesky. For 30 minutes I was charmed by these two suave, sophisticated acting, professional looking, young news reporters. This politically correct, racially balanced Caucasian male and African-American female duo teamed up to present the topical anesthetic news.The news started out immediately with the first story about a woman who was found dead in her burned down house. What appeared to have been an brusk and shut case turned into a mystery. Evidenced surfaced that indicated this woman may have been killed before the house was set on fire. While this story was being reported, shots of the fireman rifling through the debris was shown as a background to a near full screen picture of the deceased woman with the nomenclature home torched across t... ...t the news it is because I do not like being emotionally obliged, and I feel this news cast tried to force me into feeling a certain way - remorse for the deceased woman, warm for the person I should know, cozy at the end of the broadcast with trey happy stories shoved down my throat. That is why I prefer to read my news. I just take the facts, not the decoration. And I dont need a laugh hang back to tell me when to laugh, or a deceased womans picture flashed across the screen when I should be sad. Reading the news seems to be more professional, less social, and more informative. When I watch the news I find myself watching the reporters, paying less attention to the actual news. The forced camaraderie between the reporters overpowers the news. Besides, if I want to be entertained during the news, I can always watch reruns of Ted Baxter doing the Minneapolis news.

The News Essay -- Personal Narrative News Television Media Papers

The NewsWatching the give-and-take on television has always been a wearisome chore for me. There is unvarying competition for my attention between the presentation of the news and the actual facts reported. At times, I question the accuracy of the news presented. I dont believe the reporters purposely deal out stories which are untrue - but I believe some stories are either reported before getting all the entropy, which could result in a false story, or are slanted towards a certain major corporation or political candidate, and I mistrust the motive of the network. In addition, I feel television news has become concerned with being entertaining. In my opinion, the news is not the forum for entertainment. A news show is intended for providing information that at most may affect the viewer, or in the least provide informative facts. We do not need to coincide this with entertainment. On January 14, 1997, I watched Channel 7s 500 pm ABC Eyewitness News Local Broadcasting with Diane Burtone and Alan Krashesky. For 30 minutes I was charmed by these two suave, sophisticated acting, professional looking, young news reporters. This politically correct, racially balanced Caucasian male and African-American female duo teamed up to present the local news.The news started out immediately with the first story about a woman who was found dead in her burned down house. What appeared to have been an open and shut down case turned into a mystery. Evidenced surfaced that indicated this woman may have been killed before the house was set on fire. While this story was being reported, shots of the hothead rifling through the debris was shown as a background to a near full screen picture of the deceased woman with the words business firm torched across t... ...t the news it is because I do not like being emotionally forced, and I feel this news cast tried to force me into smell a certain way - remorse for the deceased woman, warm for the person I should know, cozy at the e nd of the broadcast with three glad stories shoved down my throat. That is why I prefer to read my news. I just want the facts, not the decoration. And I dont need a laugh track to separate me when to laugh, or a deceased womans picture flashed across the screen when I should be sad. Reading the news seems to be more professional, less social, and more informative. When I watch the news I find myself watching the reporters, paying less attention to the actual news. The forced camaraderie between the reporters overpowers the news. Besides, if I want to be entertained during the news, I can always watch reruns of Ted Baxter doing the Minneapolis news.

Emerging Markets; Risks and Challenges

Trade among these countries has also grown by a staggering amount in recent long time and their multinational companies are now competing with those from the developed economies. There remain, however, significant risks and challenges to investing in these countries. They are discussed here under these broad headings Political, Economic, Legal and Socio cultural. They affect the diametric countries in deferent appearances and sometimes Interact in deferent ways to produce deferent results. For example, political processes more often than not hold economic, legal and social policies of governments.China and India, two of the largest emerging markets operate very different political processes and therefore have two very different sets of political institutions. Chinese communism and Indian democracy vary significantly, and their political systems ultimately affect the choice of economic, legal and social policies. The first step to emerging market emplacement for most of these coun tries can be traced to political reforms and/or movements, examples being the transition from authoritarian to democratic governments and economic liberations.It can also be argued that social reforms and/or popular movements brought about the downfall of the authoritarian governments in the first place, allowing for reforms in the political and economic systems In place (the political economy), thus paving the way for economic gains witnessed today. Despite the often complex interactions between these factors, wave attempted to simplify them by grouping them In broad categories. Emerging markets also wait challenges as they come to grips with economic prosperity and their new status in the global community.

Christian Ethics Essay

Christian Ethics Contemporary Issues & Options, Second Edition by Norman L. Geisler In this thorough update of a classic textbook, noted Christian thinker Norman Geisler evaluates contemporary honourable options (such as antinomianism, situation ethics, and legalism) and pres evilg issues of the day (such as euthanasia, homo informality, and divorce) from a biblical perspective. The second edition is significantly grow and updated, with new material and charts passim the book.There argon new chapters on animal rights, versed ethics, and the biblical foothold for ethical decisions, as well as four new appendixes addressing drugs, gambling, pornography, and birth control. The author has significantly updated his discussion of abortion, biomedical ethics, war, and ecology and has expanded the selected readings, bibliography, and glossary. Christian ethics is well summarized by Colossians 31-6 Since, then, you have been raised with Christ, set your hearts on things above, where Chri st is seated at the right bowl allwhere of graven image.Set your minds on things above, not on earthly things. When Christ, who is your animation, appears, then you similarly will appear with him in glory. Put to death, therefore, whatever belongs to your earthly nature sexual immorality, impurity, lust, evil desires and greed, which is idolatry. Because of these, the wrath of beau ideal is coming. When we say that the Christian cogitates that God exists, we mean close tothing significantly different from what many modern people mean when they make that statement.The Christian believes in a God who is really there, a God who exists as an objective reality not simply one who exists as a guile slight postulate. A postulate is approximatelything that is assumed to be true even when there is no proof that it is true it is simply something assumed as a basis for reasoning. Modern theology, for instance, often tells man that God cannot be proved, that He must be sure purely on trust, and it therefore reduces God to nothing more than a postulate. The Christians faith in God, however, unlike the faith of modern man, is a rational faith.When modern man says that he believes in God and yet says that God cannot be proved, he is accepting the idea of God as a faith-assumption. He has no rational basis for his belief in God, exactly he merely chooses to assume, against all the evidence, that God is. The Christians faith is instead grounded in reality. He believes in God, not because he chooses to believe in Him on the basis of a faith-assumption, but because he knows God is really there the evidences for His existence are overwhelming. date more than just a list of dos and donts, the Bible does bear us detailed instructions on how we should live. The Bible is all we need to know about(predicate) how to live the Christian life. However, the Bible does not explicitly cover every situation we will face in our lives. How then is it sufficient for the all the ethical dilemmas we face? That is where Christian ethics comes in. Science defines ethics as a set of moral principles, the reckon of morality.Therefore, Christian ethics would be the principles derived from the Christian faith by which we act. While Gods Word may not cover every situation we face byout our lives, its principles give us the standards by which we must conduct ourselves in those situations where there are no explicit instructions. The term Christian ethics, as I shall use it, means a organized study of the way of life exemplified and taught by the Nazarene, applied to the manifold problems and decisions of human existence.It therefore finds its base in the last of these frames of reference, and in the new(prenominal) five scarce as they are consistent with the sixth and exist as applications or implications of the moral insights of Jesus. This is not to claim that we have a perfect record of the life and teachings of Jesus, for historical scholarship has made it clear that the records we have in the Gospels reflect not exclusively what Jesus was and did and said, but also what the early perform believed about him.Still less is it to claim that any fallible human mind can enter so fully into the divine-human consciousness of Jesus as to say without error what his judgment would be in every concrete case of contemporary decision, It is only to affirm that we have an adequate, a dependable, and an indispensable go across to Christian action in what we know of Jesus and in what through him we know of God. No other train, however important and useful, is either adequate, or so dependable, or so indispensable.The Bible does not say anything explicitly about the use of illegal drugs,yet based on the principles we learn through playscript we can know that it is wrong. For one thing, the Bible tells us (1 Corinthians 619-20) that the body is a temple of the Holy Spirit and that we should honor God with it Knowing what drugs do to our bodiest he harm they cause to various organswe know that by using them we would be destroying the temple of the Holy Spirit. That is certainly not honoring to God. The Bible also tells us that we are to follow the authorities that God Himself has put into place (Romans 131).Given the illegal nature of the drugs, by using them we are not submitting to the authorities but are rebelling against them. Does this mean if illegal drugs were legalized it would be ok? Not without violating the first principle. By using the principles we find in Scripture, Christians can mould the ethical course for any given situation. In some cases it will be simple, like the rules for Christian living we find in Colossians, chapter 3. In other cases, however, we need to do a little digging. The best way to do that is to pray over Gods Word.The Holy Spirit indwells every believer, and spark of His role is teaching us how to live But the Counselor, the Holy Spirit, whom the Father will send in my name, will teach you all things and will actuate you of everything I have said to you (John 1426) As for you, the anointing you received from him remains in you, and you do not need anyone to teach you. But as his anointing teaches you about all things and as that anointing is real, not counterfeitjust as it has taught you, remain in him (1 John 227) So, when we pray over Scripture, the Spirit will guide us and teach us.He will show us the principles we need to stand on for any given situation. While Gods Word does not cover every situation we will face in our lives, it is all sufficient for living a Christian life. For most things, we can simply see what the Bible says and follow the proper course based on that. In ethical questions where Scripture does not give explicit instructions, we need to look for principles that can be applied to the situation. We must pray over His Word, and open ourselves to His Spirit. The Spirit will teach us and guide us through the Bible to find the principles on whi ch we need to stand so we may live as a Christian should.Ethics is the study of good and evil, right and wrong. Biblical Christian ethics is inseparable from theology because it is grounded in the timbre of God. The task of Christian ethics, then, is to determine what conforms to Gods grapheme and what does not. Francis Schaeffer explains the uniqueness of Christian ethics One of the distinctions of the Judeo-Christian God is that not all things are the same to Him. That at first may sound quite a trivial, but in reality it is one of the most profound things one can say about the JudeoChristian God.He exists He has a character and not all things are the same to Him. Some things conform to His character, and some are opposed to His character. Muslims believe that moral norms are arbitrary, a product of Gods decree, and therefore can change as God chooses. Marxists and Secular Humanists rely almost exclusively on their economic or naturalistic doctrine to determine ethics. Postmod ernists argue for a morality based on shared community values and Cosmic Humanists assume that everyone acts morally by following home(a) truth determined on an individual basis.Christians, on the other hand, believe that moral norms come from Gods nature or essence. Rather than believe in some passing fancy bound to orderings ever-changing whims, as Christians we are opented to a specific moral crop revealed to us through both general and special revelation. ?We know that Gods ethical order is the only true source of morality, and, in fact, the only possible morality, there can be no other. The human mind, says C. S. Lewis, has no more power of inventing a new value than of imagining a new primal color, or, indeed, of creating a new sun and a new sky for it to move in.For the Christian, the moral order is as real as the physical ordersome would say even more real. The Apostle Paul says the physical order is temporary, but the order not seen is eternal (2 Corinthians 418). This eternal moral order is a reflection of the character and nature of God Himself. Christian ethics, in one sense, is simply an expansion of a moral order that is generally revealed to everyone. Despite some dis treaty regarding the morality of specific actions, Calvin D. Linton comments on the consistency of the moral code within all people everywhere .. . There is a basic pattern of likeness among ethical codes.Such things as murder, lying, adultery, cowardice are, for example, almost always condemned. The universality of the ethical sense itself (the oughtness of conduct), and the similarities within the codes of diverse cultures indicate a common moral heritage for all mankind which materialism or naturalism cannot explain. 3 We may define this common moral heritage as anything from an attitude to a conscience, but however we define it, we are aware that some moral absolutes do exist outside ourselves.According to this universal moral code, whenever we pass judgment we are rel ying upon a yardstick that measures actions against an absolute set of standards. Without a standard, justice could not exist without an ethical absolute, morality could not exist. This objective, absolute standard is apparent throughout humanitys attitudes toward morality. According to a secular philosophy, we should treat all morals as relativebut in practice, even secular society treats some abstract values (such as justice, love, and courage) as consistently moral.Secular society also cringes at the Nazi holocaust, the Russian prison system of Siberian gulags, and the abuse of children. We cannot explain this phenomenon unless we accept the notion that certain value judgments apply universally and are somehow inherent to all mankind. Christian morality is founded on the conviction that an absolute moral order exists outside of, and yet somehow is inscribed into, our very being. It is a morality flowing from the nature of the Creator through the nature of created things, not a c onstruction of the human mind.It is part of Gods general revelation. At the core of every moral code, says Walter Lippman, there is a picture of human nature, a map of the universe, and version of biography. To human nature (of the sort conceived), in a universe (of the kind imagined), after a history (so understood), the rules of the code apply. 4 This moral light is what the Apostle John refers to as having been lit in the hearts of all men and womenThe true light that gives light to every man (John 19, NIV).It is what the Apostle Paul calls the work of the law written in their hearts, their conscience (Romans 215). This morality is not arbitrarily handed down by God to create difficulties for us. God does not make up new values according to whim. Rather, Gods innate character is holy and cannot watch evil or moral indifferencewhat the Bible calls sin. Look in any concordance of the Bible, and it becomes apparent that one of the words, which appear most frequently, is sin. Fr om first to last, sin is the story of mans behavior, even as salvation from sin is the great theme of the Bible.Christianity is through and through a religion of redemption, and while the substantial gamut of salvation is not expressed in redemption from sin, this is its central core. Although, as we noted, naturalism and humanism tend to think of sin as an outmoded ideal and talk instead about maladjustment, insecurity, neurosis, or antisocial conduct, the term remains in the diction of Christians. But what does it mean? There is no clear agreement as to its meaning, and the ambiguity with which sin is regarded is responsible for much ineffectiveness in Christian preaching and in Christian living.To some persons, and probably to the majority of public Christian laymen, sin means transgression of those standards of conduct usually accepted by the people around them. A Christian is expected not to kill, steal, lie, commit adultery or other sexual infractions, or get drunk. How far he can move in these directions, as in exploiting others to ones own gain, driving a shrewd deal or pursuing an advantage, stretching the truth, having a little affair, or drinking in moderation, depends for most persons less on the will of God or the revelation of God in Jesus Christ than on what is and what is not done in ones community.The community, though it embraces the geographical area in which one lives, is a far more pervasive thing than this, for a community is in a vainglorious part defined by the social standards of like-minded people. For this reason conflicts as to what constitutes sin often arise amid the younger and older generations, or between ministers and their laymen, or between the people of one church and another. Take, for example, the matter of drinking a glass of wine or beer. To some Christians this is a sin. To others, if it is done in moderation, it has no more significance than to drink a cup of coffee.Some regard it as sinful for a minister to drin k, but not for a layman and still more is this disparity in evidence with regard to smoking. A Roman Catholic or an Anglican or a German Lutheran Christian is likely to take a much freer view of such indulgences than is an American Methodist. I am not at this point trying to say who is right. What this illustrates is the ambiguity that emerges when the attempt is made to define sin, or a sin, by accepted social practice. A large part of the message of Jesus was the challenging of both Pharisaic and Gentile ideas of sin by a higher law.The chief danger in defining sin by accepted social practice is not its ambiguity. This, if recognized, can be made the basis of mutual tolerance while holding to ones own convictions. Thus, Christians may sincerely differ as to the duty of the Christian to be, or not to be, a pacifist but if one forms his opinion only by the standards of his stem and then calls it the will of God for all, God has actually been left out of the picture. This procedur e constantly happens, from the most insignificant matters to the greatest, and is a major source of the perversion of Christian ethics.

Capabilities and Effects of Background Music Essay

AbstractNonverbal communication speaks louder than verbal communication therefore, nonverbal communication, such as background melody, needs to be sensibly evaluated. As a form of nonverbal communication, background harmony is cap commensurate of influencing a target audience. In advertising, emotions can be shifted depending on the medical specialty being played in the background and the same feelings be then transferred to the product, providing a tremendous advantage in business (Dillman Carpentier, 2010). Music can remove ones caprice in the workplace, an improved biliousness allows employees to be more content and, overall, more productive. In addition, with the right medicamental selection, the music is able to increase the amount of information an individual is able to retain (Balch & Lewis, 1996). Various aspects from several studies have been examined, demonstrating the power of background music and music in general.The Capabilities and effects of scene MusicNonver bal communication may be unintentional and speakers may not be aware of their behaviors or it may be simply the opposite (Troester & Mester, 2007). However, background music is often carefully selected in order to aid in the desired goal, particularly in advertising (Dillman Carpentier, 2010 Kellaris, Cox, & Cox, 1993). The goals of every burgher may not be the same yet, the capabilities and effects of music are rather consistent (Dillman Carpentier, 2010). Whether via television, radio, or in person, music is able to impinge on the moods of those in the audience (Knobloch, 2003). Music alike has the ability to improve the performance of the task at hand of an individual (Fassbender, Richards, Bilgin, Thompson, & Heiden, 2012). According to Balch and Lewis (1996), an increase in memory is as well as induced by music. In any aspect of business, the effects of music can be utilized and even increase efficiency and productiveness.Mood fittingOnes mood determines the way one think s and acts and what is said (Knobloch, 2003 Hunter, Schellenberg, & Schimmack, 2010). According to Hunter et al., music is the language of emotions (p. 47). The perception of music determines the emotion felt. The perception of enjoyment is more often transferred to feeling happy than the perception of woefulness and feeling sad (Hunter, Schellenberg, & Schimmack, 2010). Davies (2011) refers to the emotions of music as being contagious. When one is around people who are depressed, that persons mood adjusts closer to those who are in the depressed state. Similarly, although a person may not actually be sad, a sad part in a movie can keep back that person feel sad the same applies to music. Hearing music that sounds happy can make one feel happy and to the contrary.Davies models this as a cause and effect relationship. The music being heard is the cause and the effect is ones response to the music. Whether the reaction is happy or sad is dependent upon the perception of the music to the attendee. Sounds that speculate happiness include little amplitude variation, a vast birth variety, and fast tempo (Hatfield, Cacioppo, & Rapson, 1993). Therefore, when one hears these sounds of happy music, emotional contagion is invoked on the subject and causes that person to feel happy. In advertisements, music is selected as an enhancement solely similarly to affect mood. It is a fellowships goal to influence potential buyers by creating a positive attitude and feeling towards that companys product.With a positive image in mind of a particular product, there is a greater likelihood that the consumer will purchase the product (Dillman Carpentier, 2010). An mean(a) of more than 9.5 hours of media is taken in by the average American on a daily basis of those hours, 38% is dedicated to music all of which affects mood in some way (Knobloch, 2003). In addition, according to Dillman Carpentier, 90% of commercials include music of some sort (2010). The preceding statistic s show the value of music to consumers and therefore, reflect the importance music-induced moods have in marketing.Enhanced PerformanceNot only is music able to affect ones mood but it is also capable of increasing the performance of an individual (North & Hargreaves, 1999). According to Rauscher, Shaw, and Ky, the IQ scores of the participants of their canvass were highest when the participants were under the influence of music (1993). In the other two trials, the participants went done a relaxation process and sat in silence for 10 minutes the scores were 2.95 and 3.56 points respectively lower (Rauscher, Shaw, & Ky, 1993).Some teachers have started using music to increase the focus and efficiency of students. Relaxing music is played to keep the students minds from wandering and, instead, concentrated on the less(prenominal)on. The relaxing music causes ones insight frequencies to alter, entering the alpha state. The alpha state has been found to be the state where the best co nnection to ones subconscious is made (Fassbender, Richards, Bilgin, Thompson, & Heiden, 2012).Koenens and Restaks (as cited in Fassbender et al., 2012) findings have both supported that music inhibits impression. Restaks claim is based on a study conducted with surgeons as the participants. Due to differing parts of the wittiness being used for music and for physical tasks, the music doesnt inhibit the task but keeps the other part of the brain occupied and, therefore, from becoming deflect (Fassbender et al., 2012).In another study, surgeons were asked to count backwards by various numbers under three different conditions and were monitored throughout their tasks. The different conditions were no music, music of personalised preference, and experimenter-selected music. Each surgeon was individually tested and each surgeons beginning pressure, pulse, timing, and accuracy were recorded.The results showed a significant difference among the three conditions and the areas being mo nitored. The surgeons blood pressures and pulses were at much higher levels when performing the tasks without music. The results of the tasks with the presence of music showed lower blood pressures and pulses but an increase in the speeds and accuracies of the surgeons. Of the two music conditions, the overall results of the surgeons were mend when auditory sense to music of their choice rather than the experimenter-selected music. The participants of the study are of a profession that undergoes much stress in the operating room by listening to music of their choice, the effects of stress decrease and the quality of performances increase (Allen & Blascovich, 1994).The studies of Dr. Adrian C. North provide several benefits of music for employers and employees. As previously mentioned, music can affect ones mood. In the workplace, putting the employees in a better mood will increase their productivity by improving how well they act with their fellow employees. It has been proven t hat ones mood and helpfulness are directly related (North & Hargreaves, 1999). Music has also been found to raise the employee morale, leading to a decrease in the number of absences (Furnham & Bradley, 1997 North & Hargreaves, 1999).The output per employee can also be increased in a work field involving repetitiveness. According to Johnson (2004), participants of his study (whose work was repetitive) matched the tempo of the music being played while working. Therefore, with the addition of music causing a better mood, cooperation, and increased pace the overall productivity and efficiency of the workforce can increase and, in turn, boost the company revenue. Music is a friend of labour for it lightens the task by refreshing the nerves and spirit of the worker William Green ( quoted in Furnham & Bradley, 1997)Increased MemoryAlthough music and its relationship to human memory are still being researched, scientists do love that music affects several parts of the brain (Weir & Ne vins, 2010). Cognitive neuroscientist, Petr Janata, says, It music calls back memories of a particular person or place, and you might all of a sudden check that persons face in your minds eye (Weir & Nevins, 2010, p. 12). According to John Sweller, one must relate what is being learned to something that is already known (2003).Studies have proven the word-for-word is much higher when heard with music than when heard without music (Wallace, 1994). Wallace also suggests the musical accompaniment is used as a retrieval device or as an aid in the way the words are stored. The belief is that the music accents the words being verbalize by acting as a cue when determining the number of syllables in a word and words in a verse (Wallace, 1994). It has also been shown that some memories are solely dependent on music being the trigger to recall them (Balch & Lewis, 1996).In marketing and advertising, music plays a significant type on ones memory. Most can probably identify the brand image, along with the melody, by simply reading, five, five-dollar foot long (Weir & Nevins, 2010) due to the capacitance of music that allows one to recall melody and image from the text read (and the contrary) (Wallace, 1994).Pertaining to memory, music can also serve as an aid in health services (Simmons-Stern, Budson, & Ally, 2010). According to a study by Simmons-Stern et al., patients with Alzheimers disease were able to recall more of the information they were given when it was sung rather than spoken. It is thought to be possible that these findings may aid in discovering a treatment for Alzheimers disease patients (Simmons-Stern et al., 2010).ConclusionThere is no doubt music plays a role in everyones life in some way. The effects of music are nearly unavoidable due to the fact that music is merged into such a variety of activities and places and can cause differentiating feelings and results. Sad music can spread sadness (through emotional contagion) and infect the listener w ith that sadness, causing the listeners mood to worsen. On the contrary, music is also able to make one feel happy (Davies, 2011). In the workplace, music is able to improve the mood of employees, motivate employees, and quicken the pace of the work being done (Furnham & Bradley, 1997).By playing upbeat music where the work to be done is monotonous, the workers are less irritated and fall in rhythm with the beat of the music. A workforce that has a higher rate of productivity can ultimately benefit the company by increasing the profits (North & Hargreaves, 1999). Music also accentuates words and increases the memorabilia of those words this can be quite beneficial in advertisements (Weir & Nevins, 2010). Another benefit music offers, with regards to memory, is as a possible treatment for patients with Alzheimers disease (Simmons-Stern, Budson, & Ally, 2010). Regardless of being a form of nonverbal communication or where it may appear, music strongly affects human beings with its amp le array of capabilities.ReferencesAllen, K. P., & Blascovich, J. P. (1994). Effects of Music on Cardiovascular Reactivity Among Surgeons. Journal of The American Medical Association, 272(11), 882-884. Balch, W. R., & Lewis, B. S. (1996). Music-Dependent Memory The Roles of Tempo change over and Mood Mediation. Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22(6), 1354-1363. Davies, S. (2011). Infectious Music Music-Listener Emotional Contagion. In A. Coplan, & P. Goldie, Empathy Philosophical and Psychological Perspectives. New York Oxford University Press. Dillman Carpentier, F. R. (2010). Innovating Radio News Effects of scope Music Complexity on Processing and Enjoyment. Journal of Radio & Audio Media, 17(1), 63-81. Douglas Olsen, G. (1995). Creating the Contrast The Influence of Silence and Background Music on mobilise and attribute Importance. Journal of Advertising, 59(4), 29-44. Fassbender, E., Richards, D., Bilgin, A., Thompson, W. F., & Heiden, W. ( 2012). The Effects of Music on Memory for Facts Learned in a Virtual Environment. Computers and Education, 58(1), 490-500. Furnham, A., & Bradley, A. (1997). Music While You Work The Differential Distraction of Background Music on the Cognitive Test Performance of Introverts and Extraverts. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 11, 445-455. Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Rapson, R. L. (1993). Emotional Contagion. Current Directions in Psychological Sciences, 2(3), 96-99. Hunter, P. G., Schellenberg, E. G., & Schimmack, U. (2010). Feelings and Perceptions of Happiness and Sadness Induced by Music Similarities, Differences, and Mixed Emotions. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 4(1), 47-56. Johnson, V. W. (2004). Effect of tuneful Style on Spontaneous Exercise Performance. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation, 24, 357. Kellaris, J. J., Cox, A. D., & Cox, D. (1993, October). The Effect of Background Music on Ad Processing A Contingency Explanation. Journal of Marketing , 57, 114-125. Knobloch, S. (2003, June). Mood Adjustment via Mass Communication. Journal of Communication, 53(2), 233-250. North, A. C., & Hargreaves, D. J. (1999). Music and Driving Game Performance. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 40, 285-292. North, A. C., & Hargreaves, D. J. (1999). Musical Tempo, Productivity, and Morale. Unpublished Manuscript. Rauscher, F. H., Shaw, G.L., & Ky, K. N. (1993). Music and Spatial Task Performance. Nature, 365, 611. Simmons-Stern, N. R., Budson, A. E., & Ally, B. A. (2010). Music as a Memory Enhancer in Patients with Alzheimers Disease. Neuropsychologia, 48, 3164-3167. Sweller, J. (2003). Evolution of Human Cognitive Architecture. San Diego academician Press. Troester, R., & Mester, C. (2007). Chapter 7 Nonverbal Civility. In Civility in Business & Professional Communication (pp. 87-105). Peter Lang Publishing, Inc. Wallace, W. T. (1994). Memory for Music Effect of Melody on Recall of Text. Jornal of Experimental Psychology Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20(6), 1471-1485. Weir, K., & Nevins, D. (2010). Music and Your Mind. Current Health Kids, 34(1), p. 10.

Company Of Interest Library Assignment

They have wonderful bed side manner and the staff has always been compassionate, patient, and extremely helpful. Another reason chose Concentrate is because of their many locations. Although would opt to work at the 12 Mile and Hoover location because it is about a mile from my house, unfortunately, they are not hiring medical examination assistants at this time. However, the Sterling senior high school location located at 40732 Van Dyke, Sterling Heights, MI. 4831 3, is hiring. That facility is only 8 miles from my house.Upon research, did find out that Concentrate requires their employees to have a minimum of 12 months direct work experience, current medical assistant irredentist, as well as one year of continuous experience in clinical trading operations or medical office work after extrinsic. I possess all of the requirements except one year of clinical operations or medical office work after extrinsic. Will be on my way to meeting that requirement upon completion of this prog ram. The reason I want to work at that place is because Concentrate is a fast paced environment, and there are strict deadlines.Also, compassion and good bed side manner is a quality I have. In my opinion, it is one of the most important qualities a health care worker can have. Concentrate offers 401 (k) with employer match, Medical/Vision/Prescription/ Dental Plans/Life policy/Disability Sick Leave/Vacation/Heydays/Personal Days, as well as Colleague Referral Bonuses and Live Healthy Incentives. That is a strong benefit package, corresponding to what other companies offer in my experience. According to the web site Michigan. Gob, a medical office assistant middle range salary is from $9. 93 to $12. 18 per hour in East Central Michigan.

Running Head: Organization Staffing

Steps to be undertaken by an organization that is committed to shattering the glass detonating device An organization that is committed to shattering the glass ceiling should carry taboo the following stepsThere should be Communication cigareting women and science women should participate in silence low women employees is a wastage on adult male resources. It also limits the diversity of research and development. Women should participate in research / science at all(a) levels. Women should be appointed at different committee, as advised and man agreement team. The proportion of 4060 needs to be achieved.Women participants should be at the center of research policy. Gender equality should be emphasized. scientific research should be made accessible to ladies. Conferences should be called for to focus on women and science. Change should be visible. The scientific mindset is also being changed. Policies should be safe for women in sciences men should non only consider fellow men.2. The most common discretionary and contingent perspicacity methods include(1) Simulation exercise To convey is to do or make something, which looks read but is not real. The members of cater argon put in a situation this assumes the real workplace and the rung atomic number 18 supposed to do vital dimension for the real job.(2) Sample of past work The staff members are supposed to sample an attitude that they carried out to some successful completion some sentences backs. In assessing the capability to write, the candidate is supposed to bring a letter, report or even an article that he did in a current for period of job.(3) The interview Questions analyze hypothetical work related call and focus is on relevant qualification. Answers are based on expected perform once. Questions can be sometime questions or probing or prompting. Situational questions referees to questions form the staff history and exit change prediction of his exported performance in the current job. Probin g or prompting questions are normally assessing the candidates ability to make quick close to avoid memorizing expression for the interview. Herbert (2005)(4) indite tests Various qualifications can be tested. This is a screening criterion for a large number of applicants. They can be knowledge tests, skill tests, thinking or conscious metal tests, knowledge tests relate to job performance knowledge before appointment. Skill test relate to clinical skills, which include typing, coding, reading and filing. Cognitive ability test measure verbal reasoning, solving a problem and the memory including quantifiable reasoning.Both written tests and interviews crucify the interview time where in the time is taken but test results can be used in evaluating the expected performance.Differences between written tests and interviewsWritten tests are good when the number of candidates is large which interviews may be time consuming given that candidates need to express themselves better.Writ ten tests guarantees privacy where by answers given are not spread to everybody while interview whereby the panel is large, diffusion may occur whereby other word parties may know the result.3.Initial Assessment methodsThe initial assessment methods for starting my own business would includeInterviews for a starter in business, interviews will focus on hypothetical cases whereby the applicants will be expected to action replay what they could do given a real job situation. Interviews also nationalize because questions are based expected performance compared to the actual performance probing questions will be very helpful because applicants may have had a leakage of the questions sudden tests the applicants ability to make sudden decision.Written tests This will enable the new recruits to be tested on their qualification and can be used for screening to shortlist applicants. Written taxes will enable me to test the applicants knowledge based on special skills required for job perform ance. The clerical staff will also be tested on their ability to perform. Verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning and solving problem capability will also be determined.4. Investigation of validity for the verbal and computational skills test rating and assessmentTo suss out the criterion related validity of verbal and computational skills would includeDue to the severe hiring pressure all the applicants were hired regardless of their test scores. Expected resolution is determined in advance for every qualification. Asking similar questions arrests fairness and equality for all candidates. All factors of verbal and computational skills are determined by the questions for the rating and accessing. Expected answers all given some markers, which may be good, fair and poor as 8 10, 5 7, and 1 4 respectively. all(prenominal) one of the employed expected to meet one of the ranks. Every individual is assessed to determine his or her verbal and computational ability.5.The use of a n ew prognosticatorThis is what I would advise my boss regarding the new predictorThe validity coefficient is high for the current predictor. It will be very necessary for the base rate to be low so that at least some of the candidates can qualify due to the low selection ratio. This low base rate based on the sample chosen will capture some of he applicants.6.GUIDELINES FOR ORAL AND WRITTEN COMMUNICATION SKILLSIf I were the HR staffing for an organization, I would recommend the following regarding vocal and written communication with the job applicants by members of the organizationThere should be some uniform calculation questions asked should be similar to allow uniform evaluation and this will also help in many sing responses.Oral and written communication skills should have limited lane allocations to ensure some for all questions is enable the interviewees and respondents express and excrescent questions in the right manner.The content of oral and written communications skill s evaluation that is functional or scientific to ensure relevancy and problem solving with definite answers.Incase many question are to be asked written tests must be used so that applicants can have time to respond.Incase confidentiality and privacy is required, written tests are more applicable to ensure that the written answers remains to those relevant ones.Substance is very necessary to ensure that answers target the job performance7.ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES TO THE SALES APPROACH IN THE PRESENTATION OF THE JOB OFFERSADVANTAGESSales approach ensures relevance in relation to the response given by the respondents. The applicants normally answers as if they have the job (in hypothesis) and this is good for ascertain the expected performance.Sales approach also reduces the amount of time and the responses can be evaluated for selection of successful applicants. An depth psychology of responses can be made easy because expected answers are used as guidance.DISADVANTAGESSales app roach in the presentation of a job offer does not allow adequate and sufficient screening of applicants because questions asked are normally guiding and does not allow the respondents to think and this may be helpful in determining the applicants capability is make urgent decision and choices.8.LEGAL STAFFING REQUIREMETNSThe heavy requirements of staffing system management and steps I would take to ensure that managers in my company engage in legal staffing actions would includeFormality the quality of being good and deserving praise aspect of the staffing system should have these valuesCompetency positive factors which ensure that all applicants are quite qualified to the expected functions. The management should only require those who are qualified with skills ability and knowledge to perform.Non partnership New members of staff should be recruited and promoted with an objectives view. There should not be political or unnecessary bacchantic patronagesFree and fairness objectivit y should be part of decision pertaining recruiting there should be no nepotism, tribalism, realism, politics or unnecessary pride cures. Practices should reject a fair and true treatment of all complies candidate applicationsEquity there should be no unnecessary barriers limiting people to access employment. Advertisements for job vacancies should be open Herbet (2004).9.COST AND BENEFITS FO VOLUNTARY TURNOVER MOST LIKELY TO VARY ACCORDING TO THE suit OF JOBThe following costs and returns of voluntary turnover are most likely to vary according to the type of jobDue to light poem more interviews will be needed and this may require outsourcing which may be expensive for a small business entity.Selection criteria may be fume consuming with huge volumes of both oral and written interviews, the education of answers as compared to the ranks given will need a lot of accuracy, devotion and specialist. voluntary number will enable all those who fail like they can contribute to the company s human capital to them up and may be secure a place to prove their capability. In staffing consideration have to be made regarding to ability, experienced and knowledge that is job related.Vulnerary over is recommended by legal staffing requirements as may be dieted by the labor laws (Act.)10.POTENTIAL PROBLEMS WITH DOWN SIZINGThe potential problems with downsizing as an organizations first response to a need to cut labor costs includeComparison between related cost and employees ability to perform some of the people to be ravaged may be old but still capable of productivity more than young qualified staff. Old staff may have amass high monitory salaries but their monthly contribution towards the companys productivity may be incomparable due to accumulated expenses.Retrenchment benefit will cost the company a lot in the short run. These are payments to standard staffing as per law. Those retrenched may sue the company if not nonrecreational fast enough. Court cases will also be expensive to the company at there are no related benefits.Downsizing may haul to a restriction of job descriptions whereby those few employees left may be expected to work more than before and this may result is go heavy which might need more salary increments which it not affected may reflect in resignationsReferencesHerbert G. And Timothy A (2005) Staffing Organizations 5 ED. PG 60 111.University of Wisconsin. MadisonHerbert G. (2004) Staffing Organizations 5ED. Pg 30 61 University of Wisconsin.Madison

Identifying Potential Malicious Attacks Essay

We have been tasked by the CIO to draft a report identifying potenti eithery malicious attacks, threats, and vulnerabilities specific to our organization. Further, the CIO would like us to briefly explain s perpetu all(prenominal)yally item and potential impact it could have on the organization.Malicious Network AttacksNetwork attack is usually defined as an intrusion on your communicate infrastructure that will first analyze your environment and collect study in order to exploit the existing surface ports or vulnerabilities this may entangle as well unauthorized access to your resources (Symantec, 2013). We will first have to analyze the potential attacks we need to protect against, and the potential impact those attacks could have on the electronic cyberspace. The majority of threats we will encounter are classified as viruses, hacks, and mix attacks. 1. Viruses. A Virus is a program that is activated by attaching copies of itself to executable objects. Viruses croupe re ach your computer from other infected computers, via data medium (CD, DVD, etc.) or through a network (local or Internet). (Symantec, 2013). Due to the shear frequency of virus attacks, we shall list them number one. According to a Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) survey, 72% of all companies received infected e-mails or files last year and for large companies this rose to 83% (Vernon, 2004). The potential impact of the network becoming infected with a virus could be devastating.File destruction, file corruption, disabling user programs, going away of critical data and overloading the network are just a few of the potential impacts of a virus. Viruses can be introduced in to the network in legion(predicate) ways. Employees downloading / employ unauthorized programs, opening and executing infected email attachments, bringing infected files from home on a thumb drive or CD, accessing the network with their smart phone, etc. According to a survey of IT mangers conducted by Su pportSoft, 75% said their companies are notadequately protected from, or able to prevent, computer virus attacks, and 74% said their companies are hit monthly with one or more computer viruses. (SupportSoft, 2005)2. Hacking. Despite the continuing problem of Denial of serve (DOS), and Dedicated Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks, the latest threat is SQL chuck up the spongeion attacks.This type of attack takes advantage of improper coding of web applications that allow outside users (hackers) to inject SQL commands that allow access to the companys database. This results in secure information being confused with non secured information. In other words, passwords, classified or proprietary information is confused with public information such as product details or contacts by the database, allowing hackers to access the secure information. A report by the warmness for Strategic and International Studies in Washington estimated that it cost the global economy $300 billion a year and c yber insurance is the fastest-growing specialty insurance ever worth around $1.3b billion a year in the US. (Lawson, 2014). It is not only the cost of information that should be considered, but likewise the cost of at sea employee productivity, network downtime, and increased IT personnel cost.3. Blended Attack.A blended threat is a multi-pronged attack against networked computers. Symantec describes a blended threat as an attack that combines viruses, worms, trojan Horses, and malicious code with server and Internet vulnerabilities to initiate, transmit, and spread an attack. Blended threats are designed to propagate quickly, like worms, but instead of relying on a single-attack sender (such as email), blended threats are designed to use whatever propagation path exists. (Piscitello, n.d.).A blended threat usually takes over the administrative privileges on the computer and is thus able in theory to perform any operation available, thus enabling keystroke logging file copying, removal or passing communications monitoring and modification and unauthorized service operation (Piscitello, n.d.). The use of the Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) policy by many companies, has led to the escalation of blended attacks due to the often lackadaisical approach that most users take concerning mobile phone protection. With a lack of anti-virus and anti-malware computer software program installed, these devices post a real security risk when connected to the company network. With most employees using their mobile device for both work and private use, stored business contacts and texts could be compromised. security Controls (Personnel)All triad of the network risks identified above pose not only the threat of malicious attacks, but also the threat of data theft and loss. We must assuage the risk to our network and the intellectual property and highly sensitive data contained within that network. The first step would be to conduct a review or audit of our user and netw ork security policies. An annual user training session should be instituted containing the following basic policies No installation of unauthorized software on company machines. neer provide someone else your user name or password. Log off of the computer when not in use Never provide intellectual or sensitive information to unknown users, especially through email. Never open email attachments, especially executable files, from unknown sources. give a strong password policy with mandatory changing of passwords within certain timeframes.These company policies can help mitigate internal threats that can die by accident or intentionally. Users should also be trained in the identification of malware and the proper reporting procedures after it has been identified. All IT personnel should have experience of the latest threats and responses to those threats. If it is identified that IT personnel require additional training/certification, this should be provided if financially feasibl e.Security Controls (Hardware/Software)The first step would be to conduct a thoroughgoing audit of network security hardware and software. A reconnaissance and probing test could be performed with Zenmap GUI (Nmap) to identify security deficiencies such as open ports. The best defense against malicious attacks is a multi-layered approach. A Host Intrusion Detection System (HIDS) to complement the Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS) should be installed. An additional NIDS should be installed inside the firewall which would detect any attacks that may get by the firewall. Host computers connected to the internet should be isolated from the rest of the network. We should also harden our software/hardware, which is a configuration where unnecessary services are turned off and protected ones are left running. A review of the anti-virus and anti-malwaresoftware should be done.All software should be up to date with the latest virus/malware definitions and updates. Perform virus and m alware scans on all network devices and computers on a consistent basis. Wireless Access Points (WAP) should have the latest encryption installed to ensure only authorized users have access. A BOYD security policy should be apply, whereas all mobile devices under the BOYD program are susceptible to the same security policies as company assets. A policy much like cisco has implemented should be considered.Their policy requires all users to have at least a four-digit PIN, and the device to have an auto-lock setting that triggers in 10 minutes or less. Cisco also reserves the right to wipe any device remotely if its lost or stolen. The company controls corporate data on its network, using a combination of security access PINs, encryption tools and read-only features that prevent highly confidential data from being copied, downloaded or emailed. It also uses monitoring tools to scan all Web requests for malicious content if a device starts behaving strangely, the IT team can quarantine it or kick it off the network. (Gale, 2013).ConclusionWith an ever evolving, infinite standard of threats to a network, there are many available solutions to attempt to mitigate that risk. Training personnel on best security practices, creating a secure network with firewalls including intrusion detection and anti-virus/malware software, to performing security audits will help ensure the best possible defense against a malicious attack against the network.Works CitedGale, S. F. (2013, April 2). BYOD Brings Security Risks for Companies. Retrieved July 14, 2014, from workforce http//www.workforce.com/articles/byod-brings-security-risks-for-companies Lawson, A. (2014, May 23). Businesses need to wake up and smell the hackers. Retrieved July 23, 2014, from The Independent http//www.independent.co.uk/news/business/analysis-and-features/businesses-need-to-wake-up-and-smell-the-hackers-9422300.html Piscitello, D. (n.d.). What is a blended threat? Retrieved July 23, 2014, from The Securit y Skeptic http//securityskeptic.typepad.com/the-security-skeptic/what-is-a-blended-thr

Analysis on TATA group Essay

IntroductionTata Group is an Indian multinational conglomerate friendship headquartered in Mumbai, India. It encompasses seven business sectors communications and instruction technology, engineering, materials, services, energy, consumer products and chemicals. Tata Group was founded in 1868 by Jamsetji Tata as a trading company. It has operations in more than 80 countries across six continents. Tata Group has over cytosine operating companies with each of them operating independently. Out of them 32 atomic number 18 publicly listed. The major Tata companies are Tata Steel, Tata Motors, Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), Tata Power, Tata Chemicals, Tata Global Beverages, Tata Teleservices, Titan Industries, Tata Communications and Taj Hotels. The combined market capitalisation of all the 32 listed Tata companies was INR 8.2 Trillion ($ 138 billion) as of July 2014. Tata receives more than 58% of its revenue from outside India.Tata companies and details their business ChemicalsTata ChemicalsRallis IndiaTata Pigments LimitedGeneral Chemical industrial ProductsBrunner MondAdvinus TherapeuticsMagadi Soda CompanyConsumer productsTata SaltI-shaktiCasa DcorTata SwachTata Global BeveragesTata Tea Limited is the worlds second largest manufacturer of packaged tea and tea products. Tata Starbucks, is a 5050 joint venture company, owned by Starbucks Corporation and Tata Global Beverages Eight OClock CoffeeTetleyTata CoffeeHimalayan, Mount Everest mineral Waters natural mineral water filth Tata CeramicsInfiniti Retail (Crom)Tata IndustriesTitan IndustriesTrent (Westside) acresmark BookstoresTata SkyVoltas, consumer electronics companyTata International Ltd.TanishqFastrack, Largest & Trendiest Youth Fashion punctuate in IndiaTitan Eye+, World class Optical Stores from Titan Industries Tata RefractoriesWestlandEngineeringTAL Manufacturing SolutionsTata AutoComp Systems Limited (TACO)Hispano CarroceraTata Motors, manufacturer of commercial vehicles (largest in India) and passenger cars Jaguar bolt down Rover (Manager of Tatas British brands Jaguar cars and Land Rover)Tata Daewoo Commercial VehicleTata ProjectsTata Technologies LimitedTata Consulting Engineers LimitedTata CumminsTelco Construction EquipmentTRFVoltas Global Engineering marrow squashTata Advanced MaterialsTata Advanced SystemsTata Motors European Technical CentreTata PetrodyneTata Precision IndustriesTelcon Construction EquipmentSteelTata SteelTata Steel EuropeTata Steel KZNTata Steel Processing and scatteringJAMIPOLNatSteel HoldingsTata BlueScope SteelTata MetaliksTata Sponge IronTayo RollsLiterature reviewWhat is SWOT synopsisA SWOT summary (alternatively SWOT intercellular substance) is a structured planning manner used to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats involved in a determine or in a business venture. A SWOT analysis john be carried out for a product, place, industry or person. It involves specifying the objective of the business venture or project and identifying the internal and external factors that are favorable and unfavorable to compass that objective. Strengths characteristics of the business or project that give it an advantage over others. Weaknesses characteristics that place the business or project at a disadvantage relative to others Opportunities elements that the project could exploit to its advantage Threats elements in the environment that could cause trouble for the business or projectHow SWOT affects strategic decisionsThe main advantages of conducting a SWOT analysis is that it has little or no cost anyone who understands your business poop perform a SWOT analysis. You can also use a SWOT analysis when you dont have much time to address a complex situation. This means that you can take steps towards improving your business without the write down of an external consultant or business adviser.Another advantage of a SWOT analysis is that it concentrates on the most important factors affecting your b usiness. Using a SWOT, you canunderstand your business betteraddress weaknessesdeter threatscapitalise on opportunitiestake advantage of your strengthsdevelop business goals and strategies for achieving them.BCG matrixThe growthshare matrix (aka the product portfolio, BCG-matrix, Boston matrix, Boston Consulting Group analysis, portfolio diagram) is a chart that was created by Bruce D. Henderson for the Boston Consulting Group in 1970 to help corporations to analyze their business units, that is, their product lines. This helps the company allocate resources and is used as an analytical tool in brand marketing, product management, strategic management, and portfolio analysis. Analysis of market performance by firms using its principles has of late called its usefulness into question. Cash cows is where a company has high market share in a slow-growing industry. These units typically generate cash in additional of the amount of cash needed to maintain the business. They are regarde d as staid and boring, in a mature market, yet corporations value owning them due to their cash generating qualities.They are to be milked continuously with as little investment as possible, since such investment would be wasted in an industry with low growth. Dogs, more charitably called pets, are units with low market share in a mature, slow-growing industry. These units typically break even, generating barely enough cash to maintain the businesss market share. Though owning a break-even unit provides the social benefit of providing jobs and possible synergies that assist other business units, from an accounting point of view such a unit is worthless, not generating cash for the company. They depress a profitable companys return on assets ratio, used by many investors to judge how easily a company is being managed. Dogs, it is thought, should be sold off. Question attach (also known as problem children) are business operating in a high market growth, but having a low market shar e. They are a starting point for most businesses. Question marks have a potential to gain market share and become stars, and eventually cash cows when market growth slows.If question marks do not ensue in becominga market leader, then after perhaps years of cash consumption, they will degenerate into dogs when market growth declines. Question marks must be analyzed carefully in order to determine whether they are worth the investment required to grow market share. Stars are units with a high market share in a fast-growing industry. They are graduated question marks with a market or niche star(p) trajectory, for example amongst market share front-runners in a high-growth sector, and/or having a monopolistic or increasingly dominant USP with burgeoning/fortuitous proposition drive(s) from novelty (e.g. Last.FM upon CBS synergetics due diligence), fashion/promotion (e.g. newly prestigious celebrity branded fragrances), customer loyalty (e.g. greenfield or military/gang enforcement b acked, and/or innovative, grey-market/ extramarital retail of addictive drugs, for instance the British East India Companys, late-1700s opium-based Qianlong Emperor embargo-busting, Canton System), goodwill (e.g. monopsonies) and/or gearing (e.g. oligopolies, for instance Portland cement producers near boomtowns),citation needed and so on The hope is that stars become next cash cows.Porter five forces analysisPorter five forces analysis is a framework to analyze level of contender within an industry and business strategy development. It draws upon industrial memorial tablet (IO) economics to derive five forces that determine the competitive intensity and therefore attractiveness of a market. Attractiveness in this context refers to the overall industry profitability. An unattractive industry is one in which the combination of these five forces acts to drive down overall profitability. A very unattractive industry would be one approaching pure competition, in which available profi ts for all firms are driven to frequent profit. This analysis is associated with its principal innovator Michael E. Porter of Harvard University (as of 2014).1. Threat of new entrants2. Threat of substitute products or services3. Bargaining power of customers (buyers)4. Bargaining power of suppliers5. inspiration of competitive rivalryOrganizational StructureAn organizational structure defines how activities such as task allocation, coordination and supervision are directed towards the achievement of organizational aims. It can also be considered as the viewing glass or perspective through which individuals see their organization and its environment. Organizations are a variant of clustered entities. An organization can be structured in many different ways, depending on their objectives. The structure of an organization will determine the modes in which it operates and performs. Organizational structure allows the evince allocation of responsibilities for different functions and processes to different entities such as the branch, department, workgroup and individual. Organizational structure affects organizational action in two big ways. First, it provides the foundation on which standardised operating procedures and routines rest. Second, it determines which individuals get to participate in which decision-making processes, and thus to what extent their views shape the organizations actions.Findings & AnalysisStrengths The internationalization strategy so far has been to nurture local managers in new attainments, and to only transplant a couple of senior managers from India into the new market. The benefit is that Tata has been able to exchange expertise. For example after the Daewoo acquisition the Indian company leaned work discipline and how to get the final product right first time. The company has had a successful alliance with Italian skunk producer Fiat since 2006. This has enhanced the product portfolio for Tata and Fiat in terms of production and knowledge exchange. For example, the Fiat Palio Style was launched by Tata in 2007, and the companies have an harmony to build a pick-up targeted at Central and South America. Weaknesses The companys passenger car products are based upon 3rd and 4th generation platforms, which straightaway Tata Motors Limited at a disadvantage with competing car manufacturers.Despite buying the Jaguar and Land Rover brands (see opportunities below) Tata has not got a foothold in the sumptuosity car segment in its domestic, Indian market. One weakness which is often not recognised is that in English the word tat means rubbish. Would the brand sensitive British consumer ever buy into such a brand? Maybe not. Opportunities In the summer of 2008 Tata Motors announced that it had successfully purchased the Land Rover and Jaguar brands from Ford Motors forUK 2.3 million. Two of the Worlds luxury car brand have been added to its portfolio of brands. Tata Motors Limited acquired Daewoo Motors Commer cial vehicle business in 2004 for around USD $16 million. Nano is the cheapest car in the World retailing at little more than a motorbike.Whilst the World is getting ready for greener alternatives to gas-guzzlers, is the Nano the answer in terms of concept or brand? Threats Other competing car manufacturers have been in the passenger car business for 40, 50 or more years. Therefore Tata Motors Limited has to catch up in terms of quality and lean production. Sustainability and environmentalism could mean extra costs for this low-cost producer. Rising prices in the global economy could pose a threat to Tata Motors Limited on a couple of fronts. The price of steel and aluminium is increasing putting constrict on the costs of production.

Acid and Base Report Qualitative Data

virulents and Bases Labs Report Aim To study the characteristics of acids and bases. Experiment 1 Magnesium Ribbon with sulfuric Acid Observations Material/substance Rate of answer Bubbles sign comment Final saturation otherwise Observations H2SO4 N/A N/A Colourless N/A Acid Mg N/A N/A Silver Metallic N/A Metal Mg SO4 broad(prenominal) rate Yes- High rate Colourless Colourless Heat is produced. Acidic smell Hydrogen gaseous state was produced. Test Burning Splint Result Popping sound general chemical substance Reaction denomination equality Magnesium + Sulphuric Acid ( Magnesium Sulphate + Hydrogen Chemical comparison Mg + H2SO4 ( Mg SO4 + H2 2. Calcium Carbonate with Hydrochloric Acid Observations Material/substance Rate of reaction Bubbles Initial colour Final colour Other Observations HCL N/A N/A Clear N/A Acid Lime Water N/A N/A Clear N/A N/A Ca CO3 N/A N/A White N/A Salt Ca CO3 + HCL High rate/ fasting Yes.High rate/ Milky, Cloudy White, Cloudy, Heat is produced. Fast shine formed Observation of Final solution Final solution was cloudy with precipitation. Overall Chemical Equations rallying cry Calcium Carbonate + Hydrochloric Acid ( Calcium Chloride + Carbon Dioxide + Water Chemical Equation Ca2CO3 + 2HCL ( 2CaCl + CO2 + water 3. Almost equal amounts of sodium hydroxide and nitric acid (same concentration) Observations Material/substance Rate of reaction Bubbles Initial colour Final colour Other Observations HNO3 N/A N/A N/A N/A NaOH N/A N/A N/A N/A HNO3 + Indicator N/A N/A Strong Pink/ rose criticize/ clear Test with PH paper PH 1, maroon NaOH + Indicator N/A N/A Test with PH paper PH 14, Dark purple HNO3 + NaOH High rate/ Fast N/A Heat is produced. Observation of Final solution Final solution was cloudy with precipitation. Overall Chemical Equations Word Calcium Carbonate + Hydrochloric Acid ( Calcium Chloride + Carbon Dioxide + Water Chemical Equation Ca2CO3 + 2HCL ( 2CaCl + CO2 + H2O 4. Copper (II) Oxide with hydrochloric acid Observations Material/substance Rate of reaction Bubbles Initial colour Final colour Other Observations CuO N/A N/A Black N/A Black powder HCL N/A N/A colourless N/A Acid CuO + HCL Fast N/A Black cloud, opaqueTurns aqua green, Heat is produced. clear, translucent Black CuO settles at the bottom of apparatus. Overall Chemical Reaction Word Equation Copper (II) Oxide + Hydrochloric Acid Chemical Equation CuO + 2HCL ( CuCl2 + H2O 5. Ammonium chloride solution with sodium hydroxide Observations Material/substance Rate of reaction Bubbles Initial colour Final colour Other Observations NH4Cl N/A N/A Colourless N/A Powder NaOH N/A N/A Silver Metallic N/A Metal NH4Cl + NaOH Test with PH paper, purple ( greater than 7, alkaline (basic) Acidic smell, pungent Overall Chemical Reaction Word Equation Ammonium Chloride ( Ammonium Hydroxide + Sodiu m Chloride Chemical Equation NH4Cl + NaOH ( NH4OH + NaCL

Iliad Book 1 Achilles Vs. Agamemnon Essay

In Homers, The Iliad, Book 1, The Rage of Achilles, ane of the main concepts presented is the idea that the gods desire honor and exuberate. It is very evident that both Achilles and Agamemnon are in disputation for more power and bureau. This idea is demonstrated primarily through the two prize women, Briseis and Chryseis, daughter of Chrsyses. trance the Trojan struggle was going on, both Achilles and Agamemnon had a fight amongst themselves, rather than focusing on the war going on around them. Achilles claimed Briseis (the more desired of the two girls) and Agamemnon claimed Chrysies. Agamemnon really lacked Briseis because he believed he merited her for being the chief of the Achaean forces, but by claiming Chrysies, Agamemnon was able to plot against Achilles.Chryses did not want his daughter to be in the hands of Agamemnon, so he begged and pleaded to Apollo to help in getting hold his daughter. Apollo sent a plague on the Greek people, and Agamemnon then announced to Achilles that he would only crap back Chryseis if he could have Briseis. This made Achilles very angry because he too believed that he deserved Briseis. Achilles was more concerned about keeping Briseis in order to look better, than making peace of the note and trading Briseis for Chryseis.This showed how important it was to have honor and to appear in control. They put their desires for person honor and glory above the fact that there was a serious war going on around them by putting more focus on who would win the better of the two girls, overall reflecting the theme of dominance and control.

Brindis Speech

The speech was Rizals toast to the triumph of Juan Lunas Spolarium and Felix Hidalgos Las Virgenes Cristianas Expuestas al populacho in their work of arts whose works illuminates two ends of the globe East and West (Spain and the Philippines). Its about the credit and thanking them for the pride and glory they gave to the Filipinos. But most of all, he gives praise to those youths actions that hobo shed light on a difference and contribute to the glory of the Philippines.He wanted to make the people realize that glory doesnt based to a country alone. What he wanted to prove is that geniuses bloom and sprout all over the world with its own uniqueness, talents, and intelligence. No one needs to have same culture and the greatness of a country, but the real talent comes to their works. What he takes jab are elites who does everything just to stop the education remains among filipinos because they are afraid that they might learn to defend.In the speech he made, there are values and lessons he teach us that can be applied in a real world up until now such as mentioning geniuses can be born and made anytime and anywhere. No one has the slump to judge or put down a person because anyone can be great. He too said that Spain and Philippines are equal, no greater nor slaves. Dr. Jose Rizal is great because he discussed bravely what the Spaniards are afraid of raising of the filipinos but what he focused more is to inspire filipinos and prove how worthy a nation can be.

Hyundai: A Global Success Story

The automotive industry is among the largest and most orbiculate sectors in the realism. whatever shift in the automotive industry has consequences for fuddleds around the globe. Hyundai Motor Company (HMC) is a rising flair in the global automotive industry. South Koreas number one automobilemaker, HMC produces about a dozen models of machines and minivans, as well as trucks, buses, and other commercial vehicles (www.hyundai-motor.com). Popular exported models are the Accent, Elantra, and Sonata. The Korean firm has managed to inter landalize successfully seemingly against all odds.The Car Industry on a Global ArenaWith many competitors battling for market share, car makers such as Toyota, Nissan, Honda, Hyundai, General Motors, Ford, DaimlerChrysler, Renault, and Volkswagen operate on relatively thin margins. The automotive industry has been torture from excess proceeds capacity. Although there is a capacity to produce 80 million cars globally, positive global demand run s at only about 60 million a year. Thus, car manufacturers typically prosecute only 75 per centum of their production capacity.However the car industry is extremely capital intensive and, with so much competition, firms should use at least 80 percent of their production capacity in regularise to remain competitive. It is tough to stay afloat under such competitive conditions and the industry has seen numerous mergers and acquisitions in recent years. Consolidation has occurred between Ford and Land Rover, Jaguar and Volvo, and DaimlerBenz with Chrysler, to name a few.South Korea and the Auto IndustryAgainst this background, HMC has set about various mishaps. The South Korean economy endured a recession in the late 1990s as a result of the Asian Monetary Crisis. The economy comprises numerous family-owned compounds, or chaebol. The combined sales of the nations quintuple major chaebols Hyundai, Samsung, Daewoo, LG, and SK amounted to roughly 40 percent South Koreas GDP and t otal exports. Over time, these giant firms expanded rapidly, borrowing from their own banks to finance often reckless expansion into misrelated industries. Financial blunders led the Korean government toimpose greater transparency and more stringent be controls.In the automotive industry, Kia Motors, Koreas third largest maker went bankrupt and Daewoo was sold off to General Motors. While domestic help demand in South Korea is some two million cars, total productive capacity had reached five million. Exporting was a necessity. HMCs debt burden had reached five times its equity, and the firm was suffering massive losses. The time to come was very uncertain. HMC was using less than 40 percent of its total production capacity, with a debt of around $30 zillion. In 1998, HMC took control of Kia, becoming the South Koreas biggest car maker and holding three-quarters of its domestic car market as well as passing Japans Mitsubishi and Suzuki in world ranking.Early internationalisation EffortsChung Ju Yung was HMCs founder. A workaholic from a peasant background, at age 85, Mr. Chung was determined to return HMC to profitability. All his life, whenever he set his mind on something, he would always found a way to achieve it. The Hyundai conglomerate was founded in 1947 in the construction industry, and over the next fifty Mr. Chung expanded his dynasty into car manufacturing, oil refining, electronics, banking, and insurance. HMC was founded in 1967. Mr. Chung passed on his never-give-up values to his son, Chung Mong Koo, who took over as lead in 1998. The younger Mr. Chung was very detail oriented, and prone great importance to producing tincture products. He is often quoted as saying Quality is crucial to our survival. We constitute to get it right, no matter the cost.In the late 1970s, HMC had begun an aggressive effort to develop engineering capabilities and new-fangled designs. In 1983 HMC started its Canadian operation, the firms counterbalance foreign investment venture. But the operation be unprofitable and was shut down after only four years. Despite this disastrous outcome, HMC management intimate a great deal from the experience.Instead of FDI, HMC began exporting to the U.S. market with the Excel as an economical brand with a $4,995 price tag. The car was soon a big success with exports rising to 250,000 units per year. Unfortunately, variousproblems emerged the Excel was perceive as a low-quality car and the weak dealer network was not producing enough sales. Consumers were losing faith in Hyundai and the firms brand equity began to deteriorate. The U.S. is the largest car market in the world and management had to do something drastic to turn things around.Ultimately SuccessfulIn response to complaints about product quality, HMC introduced a 10 year warranty program. The rationale was that, in order to erase any negative image, management had to go beyond the typical endorsement period and offer a very substantial warr anty. The strategy was a major turning blockage for Hyundai, and the firm set about designing and building cars based on much higher quality standards. While still maintaining low prices, HMC was able, over time, to provide substantially extra value to consumers.Another major mistreat was geographical diversification. Putting lessons from the failed Canadian investment into practice, HMC built a factory in Turkey in 1997, in India in 2000, (with second plant in 2007), and in China in 2002. The main vantage of these plants is the inexpensive, high quality labor available at these locations. The Turkish plant gave HMC a foothold in the Middle East, a market it wants to develop. Turkeys proximity to Western Europe is also a major advantage. In 2006, HMC had more than ten production plants in locations such as Taiwan, Vietnam, Iran, Sudan, and Venezuela. HMCs first U.S. plant opened in Alabama in May 2005, with an investment of $1.1 billion and annual production of 300,000 cars.Automo tive industry labor costs make up only 10 percent of total operating(a) costs. In order to be able to gain a competitive edge, therefore, not only essential HMC seek out cheap labor, it must also source from locations that can supply low-cost stimulus good (such as engines, tires, car electronics, etc.). The cost-effectiveness of suppliers is a life and death matter in the global automotive industry. HMC is cooperating with DaimlerChrysler to develop new technologies and improved supply chain management. Projects include a new four-cylinder engine and a joint purchasing plan.By investing in Kia, HMC gained access to the firms competitive advantages in R&D and production. During its lifetime, Kia had managed to acquire a substantial base of highly knowledgeable workers, engineers, and design staff. Together, the two firms achieved synergies and economies of crustal plate in R&D, engineering, purchasing, quality control, and marketing. HMC also invested in R&D centers in North Amer ica, Japan, and Europe.HMC TodayHyundai has been the worlds fastest growing major automaker since 1999. Sales in the U.S. increased by 360 percent from 1998 to 2004. HMCs growth is coming from international markets. These days the firm generates about a third of its sales from North America and 10 percent from Europe. The firms profit margins are among the highest in the industry, worldwide. It has won numerous quality assurance prizes from reliable organizations such as Consumer Reports, J. D. Power and Associates, and the 2005 Total Quality Study. Chairman Chung was named one of most successful businessmen in the world by Business Week magazine.HMC invests heavy in various value-chain activities. It utilizes FDI to develop key operations around the world. Management chooses foreign locations based on the advantages they can bring to the firms global business. R&D is targeted to developing safer, more commodious automobiles of superior quality. HMC is developing environmentally-fr iendly technologies that emphasize fuel efficiency. HMC conducts market research to help with choosing designs, as well as interior and exterior styling of automobiles.HMC aims to become one of the top five global car manufacturers by 2010. Hyundai plans to digest a 20 percent share of the Chinese market. To that end the automaker has signed a $1.24 billion joint venture with Guangzhou Motor Group, giving HMC access to the commercial-vehicle market in China. With 1.3 billion people more and more anxious to buy passenger cars and trucks, China will be a major market for HMC. The firm benefits from its proximity to China and managements understanding of the Chinese culture. Chung Ju Yungs can do life-time prevails throughout the entire HMC network.

The Ethics of Micro Finance

Christopher Martin Micro-finance programmes ar aimed at reducing need. What ethical ch andenges atomic number 18 raised by the operation of micro-finance and which ethical opening can go around be applied to assess how Grameen depo tauntory fiscal institution addresses these challenges? Introduction The essay seeks to examine the ethical issues raised by the operation of microfinance. In the first section, an everywhereview will be offered. In the second section the ethical challenges constitute by operation of micro-finance will be examined. In the third section, an overview of Grameen Bank will be given.Finally, in the fourth section, the ethical theories of Kant, Bentham and Aristotle will be applied to the ethical issues raised by the operation of Grameen Bank to see which theory best applies. 1. What is micro-finance? Conventional swears like we in the west know be non as widespread in the developing world. Even in places where there mainstream banks do wargon oper ations, epic-scale numbers of people will non be in a position to utilise their services. such(prenominal) people pick up been termed the unbankable brusque. The World Bank estimates that there are 2. billion people (n betimes 40% of worlds population) who do non have access to formal financial services. Microfinance has emerged in the go bad few decades in response to the needs of such people for savings and loans facilities. It is an alternative to them have to rehearse the services of what are colloquially termed loan sharks, who charge high rates so high that borrowers contest to pay off the principal sum borrowed. Micro-finance is the pro pile of savings facilities and small value loans to typically to brusk people in the Third World.Such people have a need for financial services, particularly as there is a lack of in rural areas where there is a lack of banking facilities. This make waters it harder to makes deposits and so clear up any sort of savings. For instan ce 1 if you live in a straw shack in a village, conclusion a safe place to store savings is non easy. e genuinelydaywealth need sums for 2 life-cycle events such as births, marriages & emergency situations. Stuart Rutherford in The Poor and Their M angiotensin converting enzymey proscribedlines the 3 Three common ways of raising large sums i) selling assets they already receive (or expect to, e. g. dvance sale of crops) ii) mortgaging or pawning those assets. iii) finding a way of turning their finding a way of turning their small savings into large lump sums. It is important to note that there is not any one-size fits all definition of scantiness . Muhammed Yunnus asks the rhetorical mind 4 Who on the list below is poor and who is not -a jobless individual, -an illiterate person, -a homeless person, -a person who does not produce enough food to feed his or her family year round, -a person with a thatched nursing home that lets in rain? -person suffering from malnutrit ion, -person who does not send his or her children to school? street vendor? Micro-finance may increase someones income but that may safe be spent on all(prenominal)day consumption and not on addressing any of the different facets of poverty on Yunnus list. For instance, using an increase in income to send a child to school. Savings The very poorest may be too risk averse to ask out a loan as they may have an erratic income, for instance due to crop failure. and accordingly the need for savings. In micro-finance schemes there are two types of savings schemes I) Locked in not available for separation until a member a customer left the bank.Used as loan confirmative The use of this rule was based on the 5 Powerful perception tha that the poor cannot save. ii. Open-access savings which can, it is argued, 6 generate much more(prenominal)(prenominal) net savings per client per year (and thus greater capital for the MFI) than compulsory, locked in savings schemes and result a useful and well used facility for clients while doing so. Fundamental to the quittance of micro-finance loans is the convention fighting(a) principle. Peer pressure plays an important part in binding members together.Trust is built up and the shipment to repay is increased via reciprocally reinforcing behaviour. It can be described as a case of one for all one and all for one in terms of repaying the loan. -However, there are potence problems as it depends on the co-operation of members. However, 7 if it goes badly, then they are all in trouble. A get of individual loans is that 8 the alter institution knows who ex figurely is responsible for the repayment of the loan, and does not get lost in a maze of group members referring to or blaming one another. portion 2 ethical challenges Doubts have been cast on the boilersuit utility of micro-finance programmes in reducing poverty. Some critics argue that 9 that micro-finance programmes fail to reach the poorest, mostly hav e a limited effect on income, address the symptom kind of than the genial cause of poverty. The 10 focus on income poverty beingness reduced by 11 the provision of recognise for income-generation through self-employment. Neglects to address the deep rooted causes of poverty such as lack of education and poor transport infrastructure.Micro-finance is con centrated on the bankable poor as they are seen as more able to take advantage of a loan to e. g. buy more equipment and so 12 can take more risk than the poorest households without threatening their minimum needs for survival. It is ironic that a program aimed at reducing poverty excludes the very poorest from participating. However micro-finance programs obviously the demand of reducing poverty. There are 13 MF premised on the notion that credit is a human right it can improve the lives of the poorest . But as the very poorest are excluded the application of credit as a human right is not universal. If something is a human right is divinatory to apply to all humans. In this case it doesnt so it would fail Immanuel Kants Categorical Imperative.. It could be argued that Yunnus is kinda focussing micro-finance on those people who are in the position to benefit most from it. 14 Although Yunus frames his vision of MF in the language of human rights, his ideas are in fact concerned with entrepreneurial instead than redistribution. Thus he is a social businessman earlier than a philanthropist.Micro-finance institutions are self-sustaining businesses rather than charities and so 15 poverty reduction becomes an externality and not a goal as such. Thus Yunnus and others could be charged as potentially using borrowers as means rather than ends. Section 3 Grameen Bank Economics professor Muhammad Yunnus was inspired to set up Grameen after being demoralised at the level of poverty he witnessed in rural villages in his native Bangladesh in the early 1970s. A catalysing experience was when he met 16 Sufiya Begum, a woman from a village called Jobra.Like many others in her village, she relied on the local moneylender for the cash she needed to buy the bamboo for the stools she crafted. That loan was only granted on the condition that she sold to him (the money lender) all of her output at a price determined by him. 17 Thus, though hard working, she was trapped in poverty. Furthermore the villagers were cut off from borrowing from 18 conventional bankers since they had no credit histories and no collateral to offer, and could not even fill out the obligatory paperwork because they were illiterate. 1.Muhammed Yunnuss was focused on providing the loans to the landless as he saw them as being more entrepreneurial than tradition bound farmers. He was very much of the view that micro-finance could supporter the poor to help themselves through becoming self reliant. Grameen means village in Bengali. Muhummad Yunnus wanted the bank to be the antithesis of a faceless bureaucratic bank head quarted in a large city (even though it is now). He aimed at recruiting banking staff who would build up an understanding of the everyday lives of villagers and the challenges they faced.This would make it easier to identify which people would benefit most. crucially this helped to engender the building up of levels of trust amidst the borrowers in village who took out the collateral set d cause and contract free loans. Vitally the development of the level of trust necessary to ensure repayment collateral free loans without any contract was the process of group dynamic in binding borrowers together with mutually reinforcing behaviour. What helped make the repayment process be manageable for borrowers was that loans were paid in small weekly instalments rather than one lump sum to worry about at the end of the loan period. )Application of ethical theory Grameen Banks focus on borrowers becoming self reliant relates to them developing virtues of self reliance and not being burdensom e to others. Yunnus argued 19 On the recipient side, charity can have devastating effects. It robs the recipient of dignity, and it removes the inducing of having to generate income. It makes the recipient passive and satisfied with thinking all I have to do is sit her with my fall out and I will earn a living Instead, borrowers will developing a sand of ownership by coming 20 With their own ideas for business generation.In this respect Yunnus is treating borrowers as ends and not means as he leaving it up to them how they behave. The programme develops members intelligence of self-discipline of saving regularly as they had to 21 save for several months before they were eligible for to borrow. The requirement to save first as well results in an investment in the institution that will lend to them thus the loans they receive are financed not just by an outside faceless agency, but excessively by their own savings and those of their friends and neighbours. The borrowers are mu ch more likely to be committed and conscientious about repaying. . Yunnus challenges the assumptions on human genius made by conventional banking paradigms by issuing collateral free loans without any contracts. 22 Grameen assumes that every borrower is basically honest. We may be accused of being naive, but it saves us having to fill in all those endless documents And in 99 per cent of the cases our trust turns out to be vindicated. Bad loans of 0. 5 per cent is the cost of doing business, and it also represents a constant reminder of what we need to improve in order to succeed. Micro-finance proponents cant be completely 3 ethical claiming to reduce poverty while pursuing other objectives. This is particularly so because other peoples money is involved. The intentions of institutions should be transparent, e. g. through a mission argumentation and should not be cloaked in language that hides agendas of e. g. making a profit for shareholders, by only stressing social objectives . 24 Furthermore the imbalance of power between the lender and the borrower. surely makes it harder for borrowers to pursue their own interests as they have to be reconciled with the banks financial interest.Within the framework of the ethics of Immanuel Kant, Professor Yunnus succeeds ethically as is acting from the altruistic motive of reducing poverty. Kant agreeed that 25 to act from a good will is to act from duty. Aristotle takes a stricter approach by arguing that acts are ethical if agents go beyond just doing so from a sense of duty. For instance, someone only went to visit an elderly relative out of a sense of duty, and not from any greater concern for the relatives welfare.Muhammad Yunnuss focus on helping the poor maintain their sense of dignity by becoming more self reliant is agreeable with Kants approach as Kant argues 26 Our free will is what gives us our dignity and unconditioned worth This of course relates to Kant maintaining that people should be considered as ends in themselves rather than means to someone elses end. Kants stress on the universality of ethical principles is relevant to the potential problem of people stopping viewing promises as binding.The group dynamic principle of micro-finance surely make the promises of members more binding as otherwise it would seem that if one person got away with not paying, then no one would and then the bank would not lend to them.. Additionally, as the borrowers and the bank are some(prenominal) benefitting so 27 No one (is) used merely as a means in an voluntary economic exchange where both parties benefit. Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mills Utilitatarianism holds that the ethical utility of actions can be heedful by the consequences. This approach is onsistent with the cost-benefit analysis adopted by contemporary businessses where the utility being measured is profit. In the case of Grameen Bank the utility can be measure by a) the rate of loan repayment According to Yunnus the defaul t rate was only 28 0. 5 per cent. However, on the other hand many members of Grameen were unhappy with their savings being lockked-in and 29 were leaving the organisation in order to determine their (often substantial) compulsory savings. Such members went on strike in 1995 to protest at being denied accesss to their savings. 30 The financial consequences of the strike were profound.According to an unpublished Grameen Bank internal report (1996), in Tangail District the cumulative un-repaid amount had climbed to over $2 million. More generally, in terms of consequences for members there have been benefits. The scheme has helped the majority to build up savings that could be used as capital. Additionally it the scheme has helped reduce income poverty 31 Grameen bank members had incomes about 28 % higher than the target group of non-participants. take on utilitarianism seems like the most appropriate get-go of Utilitarianism to apply to Grameen bank and Muhammad Yunnus.An act i s right if it maximises utility. A sort of moral s is used to calculate the yen term benefits and harm for each actor and then compute the result. But there is the problem of time-framing how want a period eto consider. wholeness is reminded of Keynes quote in the long term we are all dead. Act utilitarians consider themselves equally with others so are not egoist in just assessing whether an act maximises their own individual utility or well being. Yunnus does seem sincere in doing that and is aiming to benefit the members as opposed to just enriching himself.However on the other hand, Utilitarianism could be consistent with the Grameen member group dynamic process discussed earlier. Members realise that there will be bad consequences for them and their peers if they dont adopt the rule of repaying and so are compelled to follow the rule. Robert Solomon, writing in A companion to business ethics argues that 32 In business ethics it is generally agreed that three elements, the principles of an action, the action itself, and the actions consequences must be taken into account. However there is another option virtue ethics.Grameens ethos of borrowers using using the loans to become self employed is connected to them developing the character traits consistent with the virtue of self reliance. Aristotle deemed behaviour a virtuous if is it was consistent with a 33 mean between the extremes of e. g. being dependent on someone elses act of charity and being selfish. As the 34 dissimilar virtues reinforce one another, the principle can be applied to the Grameen member group dynamic of mutually reinforcing behaviour encouraging the repayment of the loan.In this case it is the non relative virtue of trustworthiness that is being reinforced. It could also be argued that different members are motivated by Aristotles 33 Idea of practice- shared cooperative bodily process with mutually understood goals and ways of doing things. Conclusion Muhammad Yunnus set up Gram een bank with a good motive out of concern for the poor. Yes, this pure motive has been diluted by the pragmatic need for the bank to be financially self sustaining. For instance the previous use of locked in loans would be termed coercive by Kant, so in this aspect the borrowers are being treated as means.How the bank lets members come up with their own ideas for business generation is consistent with Kants belief on peoples free will that enables them to be rational and moral. Furthermore as both the bank and the borrowers are benefitting from this economic exchange, then the borrowers are not being treated as means and so this would pass Kants test of whether it is ethical. It is embarrassing to measure the individual benefits and downsides experienced by the individual members, thus making it a less legal ethical yardstick. However the high repayment rate does score well on the Utilitarian scale.But ultimately, Muhammad Yunnus is motivate by concern at the suffering of the rur al poor. Crucially he wants to help them help themselves. One is reminded of Bob Geldofs fishing rod analogy better to give a man a fishing rod, than a fish. Yunnus and Grameen bank are thus actively promoting the virtue of self reliance. Additionally they are promoting the virtues of co-operation and trust via the group dynamic and by the fact the loans are collateral and contract free. Critics of Yunnus may have attacked him because he isnt the perfect philanthropist. Rather, he is a socially responsible businessman.Bibliography Wright, Graham, Micro-finance systems 2000, The University Press, Zed Books, London. Roy, Ananya, Poverty Capital 2010, Routledge, Oxford. Activities that are unlikely to create indebtedness Rutherford, Stuart, The Poor and Their Money, 2000, Oxford University Press, New Delhi Yunnus, Muhammad (with Alan Jolis), Banker to the Poor, 1999, Aurum Press, London Yunus, M, Moingen, B and Lehmann-Ortega, L, Micro Finance- Building social business models Lessons f rom the Grameen experiences, article in LONG RANGE PLANNING Volume 43 Issue 2-3 peculiar(prenominal) Issue Sp.Iss. SI Pages 308-325 Published APR-JUN 2010 Rutherford, S, The Poor and Their Money , 2000, Oxford University Press, New Delhi. Frederick, R, Companion to business ethics, 2002, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford Vanroose, A, Is microfinance an ethical way to return financial services to the poor? Microfinance Are its promises ethically justified? CEB works Paper N 07/014 June 2007 References 1. Wright, G, Microfinance Systems, rascal 2 2 knave 1 3 varlet 5 3. Yunnus, Banker to the poor, page 10 4.Wright, G, page 71 6. Wright, G, page 69 7. Wright, G, page 139 8 Wright, G, page 139 9. Wright, G, page 6 10. Wright, G, page 8 11. Wright, G, page 8 12. Wright, G, page 11 13. Roy, A, Poverty Capital, page 13 14. Roy, A, page 23 15. Vanroose, A, CEB Working paper, page 11 16. Yunus, M, Moingen, B and Lehmann-Ortega, L, Micro Finance- Building social business models Lessons from the Grameen experiences, Page 314 17. repeat 18. Ditto 19. Yunnus, Muhammad (with Alan Jolis), Banker to the Poor, page 22 20. Yunnus, Banker to the poor, page 114 21. Wright, G, Microfinance systems, page 137 2. Yunnus, Banker to the poor, page 111 23 Vanroose, A, Is microfinance an ethical way to provide financial services to the poor? , page 4 24. Ditto 25. Frederick, R, Companion to Business Ethics, Chapter 1 by Solomon, R, page 3 26. page 4 27. Frederik, R, page 7 28. Yunnus, M, Banker to the poor page 111 29. Wright, G, page 78 30. Wright, G page 78 31. Yunnus, & Lehman-Ortega, page 12 32. Frederick, R, page 30 33. Frederick, R, page 30 34. Frederick,R page 32